MILWAUKEE 

Twenty Months of 
War -Time Service 



JANUARY 1, 1919 



REPORT OF 

MILWAUKEE COUNTY COUNCIL 
OF DEFENSE 



>39 




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The 



Milwaukee County Council 
of Defense 



Report on 

Twenty Months of War-Time 
Service in Milwaukee 

May 1st, 1917 to January 1st, 1919 



/339. 



"It ain't the individuals 
Nor the army as a whole ^ 

But the everlasting team work 
Of evry bloomin soul. 

— Kipling 



Milwaukee County Council of Defense 



4th Floor City Hall 






?'| 



FOREWORD 

THE Milwaukee County Council of Defense, in 
presenting this final report of its activities to the 
citizens of Milwaukee County, whose unselfish 
efforts in behalf of the community and nation have 
made possible Milwaukee's splendid war record, wishes 
to express its sincere appreciation of the co-operative 
spirit and unselfish participation from all classes and 
interests. 

In resigning its task now automatically completed 
with the close of hostilities, the Council of Defense 
earnestly requests that the Mayor and other city 
officials, the Common Council, and the County Board 
of Supervisors, together with the industrial, civic, 
commercial, and financial organizations of Milwaukee 
consider carefully this report of work accomplished. 

It would seem a mistake that the patriotic spirit 
of unselfish co-operation aroused by the war should 
not be retained and given an opportunity to express 
itself through service to the community and nation to 
the end that selfish interests may be set aside for the 
good of the greatest number. Milwaukee must in the 
future learn to look upon herself as a living body of 
which every citizen, every interest, and every industry 
is a part — the interests of all being in the end identical. 

In the light of the experiences of the past twenty 

months there is a real need for an all-Milwaukee 

Community Board, in which will be brought together 

representatives of all interests, co-operating with 

public officials to unite the efforts of all for the welfare 

ofMilwaukee. -' ®^ ^' 
APR 2 1919 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Outline of 

History of the Council of Defense 

PURPOSE 

THE Milwaukee County Council of Defense was formed because 
Milwaukeeans generally recognized that civic unity and the 
burying of political and class differences were vital during the 
emergency, that Milwaukee, in order to do her part in the nation's 
struggle, must be organized not on the basis of its financial interests 
alone or its industrial interests, or its local government, or any other 
interest, but with the co-operation of all. 

Specifically the Defense Council system was created to aid in ac- 
complishing three things: 

/ — To secure the co-operation of those bodies, departments and agencies, 
which are concerned in keeping a healthy and efficient population and to stimulate 
their efforts. 

2 — To co-operate with the Industrial and Commercial Groups to the end that 
the transition to war conditions be made as easy as possible. 

3 — To aid the government to secure from Milwaukee the maximum quota of 
men, money and materials necessary to support the war, 

HISTORY 

The Milwaukee County Council of Defense was organized April 30, 
1917, at the request of the State Council of Defense under whose 
authority it came into being. The convention was called jointly by 
Mayor D. W. Hoan and W. E. McCarty, Chairman of the County 
Board of Supervisors. When first organized, the Council of Defense had 
a membership of fifteen. Later its membership was increased to 
twenty-three, and in September of last year, the scope of the membership 
was expanded to include practically all social, civic, commercial and 
industrial interests in Milwaukee County, raising the membership 
of the Council to sixty. Its first chairman was Mayor D. W. Hoan, 
who served as such until April, 1918. Mr. Wheeler P. Bloodgood was 
acting chairman for a short period, being succeeded by Charles Allis. 
Following Mr. Allis' death, Mr. E. E. White was elected chairman. 
Recently Mr. White was forced to resign the chairmanship owing to 
severe illness. Mr. August H. Vogel served as acting chairman until 
the very recent election of Mr. Cornelius Corcoran as temporary 
chairman. 

City Treasurer John I. Drew was treasurer of the Council and City 
Comptroller Louis M. Kotecki, auditor, during the entire period of its 
activity. The County Auditor co-operated with the City Comptroller 
in checking up of expenditures of the organization. Willits Pollock 
was made executive secretary in the first week of the organization. 

Changes in the Council, addition of new members and reports of 
all activities were submitted weekly to the State Council of Defense, 
which is the directing head of the entire defense council organization 
for Wisconsin. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



aEMERAL ORGANIZATIOn PLAW. 



DEPARTMENT OF 
MANOFACTORE.5 



COMMITTEE. 

ON 
MAnUPACTORU 



INCI.UOe*> ALl. PIRMS> 
ASSOCIATtONS AND 
ORGANIZATIONS OF 
MAMOFACTORINa 

qo&ine:s>»e's. 



DEPARTMENT OF 
COMMERCE ^P»r«AMCC I 



COONCIL OP OEFEHftE 0Epartm£MT, 



ALL. 
ORaAMIZKO 

iiiTEREa-ra 



EXECOTlVt COMMITTEE 

CHAIRMAM 

VICECHAIRMAM 

CMR. MAMUFACTOOE* 

CMR. COMMERCE. 

CMR. UABOP.CHR FlMAnCE 

CHR. PUBL. WELFARE 

CHR. POBL . AFPAIRA 

CMR.COOHTY BO-,CMR.WOME.M 

PRCS COMMOM council. 

EXECUTIVE. SEC'V. 



COOMTY OF MILWAUKEE. 



OF AOMimS>- 
TRATION 



DEPARTMEMT OF 
POBL.1C WELFARE. 



COMMITTEE 

ON 

COMMCRCE. 

AND 

FINANCE. 



COMMOMITY 
I.ABOI? 
BOARD 



LA&OR 
COMMIXTEE 



3AFETV 
COMi^ inrxEE 



TRANS- 
PORTATION 
COMMITTEE. 



COMMITTEE 
ON 

p'oe>i.ic 

WEI-FARE. 



INCLOOEt> ALL FIRMS, 
ASSOCIATIONS AND 
ORGAM IZATIONS OF 
COMMERCIAL CMARAC- 

te:r iNCLuoiNa pinan- 

CIAL. INSTITUTIONS. 



EMRLOVMEMT, LABOR 
PRIORITIES^LABOR SOP- 
PL.Y. 



A&EHC I E.a TO FURTHER 
WELFARE OF LABOR. 



DEPTA, OR<iANI2ATIONaj 
% ACEMCIES FOR PROTEC- 
TION OF LIPE^PROPERTY 



TRANSPORTATION 
ACvEMClES AND ORGAN- 
IZATION* 



INCLUDES ALL BUSIMESS 
DEPART MEMTS.BOREAOS.OR 
ASSOCIATIONS FORMISMhkS 
FOOD AND FUEL.OR MIHIS- 
TERIN&TOTME PMVSlCAL 
WELFARE OF THE. POPU- 
LATION . 



DEPARTMENT OF 
PUBLIC AFFAIRS 



COMMITTEE 

ON 

PUBLIC 
AFFA»R.S> 



INCLUDES ALL PATRIOTIC, 
CIVIC.EDUCATIONAL.RE.- 
LIClOOS AND MILITARY 
SERVICE OEPARTMEMTS, 
ASSOCIATioriS e,<iROOPfe 



MILWAUKE.E. COUNTY COUNCIL OP OCPENdE.. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Organization Plan and 
Departmental Reports 

EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION 

The working plan upon which the Council of Defense was organized put the 
practical responsibility of administration upon its Executive Committee, a body so 
constituted that it represented practically all of the important organized elements of 
the district. It was early recognized that it was manifestly impossible to call to- 
gether frequently so large a body as the Council of Defense. Its position was 
therefore that of a parliament which could at any time recall or overrule its ministry. 
The Executive Committee was in effect composed of the chairmen of the various 
important sections or departments into which the interests of the Milwaukee 
district were classified. It reported back to the Council of Defense and from it 
derived its powers. 

Under the Executive Committee operated the departmental committees on 
Manufactures, Commerce, Public Affairs, and Public Welfare, and subject to the 
departmental committees the special boards and bureau committees, handling 
specific problems. 

The staff organization which furnished secretarial service to the various com- 
mittees had a dual capacity, in that while the members of the staff were the as- 
sistants of the secretary, they served individually as secretaries of the various 
committees thus forming a combination of a full-time paid volunteer staff organiza- 
tion with a net work of committees representing every conceivable interest. The 
committees were able to furnish advice, decide policies and provide entry into the 
various lines of activity while investigation and administration or carrying out 
decisibns was left to the staff. 

DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION 

For the purpose of classification and administration the work of the Council of 
Defense was departmentalized under five departments. Each of these was given 
the task of keeping in touch with the organizations, agencies and businesses falling 
within its sphere and securing their co-operation. These departments were as 
follows: 

I — Department of Administration — To direct the operation of the entire organization, to de- 
termine policies and expenditures, to provide necessary war-time publicity and to co-operate with 
organized labor, the public safety organizations and departments, the Common Council, the County 
Board and other agencies. 

2 — Department of Public Welfare — To handle activities relating to food conservation and 
marketing, fuel conservation, war gardens and other agricultxoral problems, and social service, in- 
cluding matters pertaining to public health and recreation ; to secure co-operation among all elements 
whose purpose is a healthy and efficient population. 

5 — Department of Manufactures — To handle all war-time problems affecting the manufacturing 
interests exclusively, such as giving aid in obtaining government contracts, converting non-essential 
industries to essential industries and interpreting priorities laid down by the War Industries Board. 

^ — Department of Commerce and Finance — To handle war-time problems affecting the interests 
of commercial, financial, and mercantile business organizations, such as those relating to trans- 
portation, commercial economy, elimination of waste, and the conservation of man power. 

. . 5 Department of Public Affairs — To handle educational campaigns, patriotic meetings, 
military affairs and Americanization, and to direct the activities of the men's and women's ward and 
district councils of defense. 

A review of the work carried out by each of these departments follows: 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Department of Administration 

Under Direct Supervision of 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 



E. E. White, Chairman. Mrs. J. W. Mariner, Chairman Women's 
August H. Vogel, Vice-Chairman. Committee. 

^° Coi^cif °'^''°'^^' ^"■^'''^^"^ Common wheeler P. Bloodgood, Chairman Public 
Fred H. French, Chairman Community 

Labor Board. Wm. E. McCarty, Chairman County 
R. P. Tell, Chairman Manufactures Board. 

Committee. Walter Kasten, Chairman Finance. 

Albert Friedman, Chairman Commerce. ttth-^ -n. h i o 

Rev. W. F. Greenman. Chairman Public ^'^'^^ P°"°^^^' Secretary. 

Welfare Committee. Max E. Friedmann, Ass't Secretary. 



This department was vmder the direct control of the Executive Committee of the Coimcil of 
Defense, its action being subject to the approval of the County Council of Defense as a whole. 
All emergency problems were handled by this body which met at least once and as often as four times 
weekly throughout the duration of the war. 

1— GENERAL 

Enlisted volunteers to assist in copying the registration cards in the first military 
registration, and furnished typists and typewriters for same. Supplied draft board 
members with automobiles, furnished them with volunteers at various times and 
secured doctors to conduct examinations. During the last military registration of 
men from 18 to 45 inclusive, the Defense Council provided necessary publicity and 
arranged for placing advertisements in the newspapers. The Council of Defense 
acted in each registration as the central office for handling returns. 

Gave information and directions to thousands of citizens, referring them to 
the proper agency, or if no agency existed, securing the necessary information or 
help directly. A war directory was published and distributed. 

Urged upon all employers the adoption of the basic eight-hour day on all war 
work. This was followed up by the Manufacturers' Committee and recognition 
of the basic eight-hour day during the war practically established in Milwaukee. 
Opposed discrimination against organized labor on building construction during 
war times. 

Arranged with the State Council of Defense for shipments of fish to Milwaukee 
for sale on the public markets. 

Co-operated with Mr. D. W. Norris in the organization of a commission com- 
pany to handle food commodities. Mr. Norris agreed to back this venture to the 
extent of $100,000 or more, its object being to serve as a means of "knocking down" 
unreasonably high prices and to save and market foods which might otherwise go 
to waste. 

Secured the co-operation of Milwaukee manufacturers and other large employers 
of labor in the matter of releasing men so that they might appear for military 
registration. 

Aided in securing enlistments necessary to fill quota of the Wisconsin National 
Guard companies in Milwaukee, to put them on a war-time basis. In this connec- 
tion the Defense Council not only arranged meetings and provided speakers, but 
secured volunteer recruiting agents, for sending out written appeals, and furnished 
stationery for such work. 

Enlisted the services of thousands of volunteer workers throughout the period 
of the war for all sorts of war-time work. A list of volunteer workers was kept 
available at all times for emergency calls. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Conducted publicity campaign during the summer of 1917 for the purpose of 
getting every able-bodied man to work. 

Brought all of the cities and villages of Milwaukee County, outside of the City 
of Milwaukee, into the Defense Council organization and obtained their co-operation 
in the organization's activities. 

Aided in the organization of the new State Guard Companies in Milwaukee. 

Assisted the District Exemption Board in the matter of determining industrial 
exemptions. 

Co-operated with the mayor in the elimination of tag-day collections during 
the war. 

Aided the Street Sanitation Department of the city in mobilizing forces for the 
removal of snow during the winter of 1917 and 1918 when the heavy snowfall made 
it difficult to deliver coal or move fire apparatus. 

Used its influence in every way possible and gave considerable material aid 
towards the enforcement of rulings of the fuel and food administrations in this 
county. 

Prepared the original plan of organization used by Milwaukee in all the big war 
finance drives, that of organizing and soliciting by industrial groups rather than by 
flying teams. Also investigated the War Chest plan and aided in the formation 
of the Milwaukee County War Fund Committee. 

Paid hall rent for the last session of the Legal Advisory Board and guaranteed 
unforeseen expenses of selective service boards. 

Developed a plan for the national organization of industrial resources, and dem- 
onstrated its efficiency. Part of the plan proposed — that of Regional Manufacturers 
Organizations was adopted nationally. The Committee on Manufactures of the 
Council of Defense was expanded to include most of Wisconsin. 

2— BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION 



PUBLICITY COMMITTEE 

A. M. Candee, Chairman. Frank Effinger, Advertiser's Club. 

A. B. Cargill, Milwaukee Association of tt t iv>r i n 

Commerce. H. L. Markwell. 

Chas. Dean, Press Club. B. A. Stenz, Kiwanis Club. 

Walter Dunlap, Rotary Club. H. L. Ashworth, Secretary. 



(a) — Edited and published a weekly bulletin containing reports of the activities 
of the various departments and serving as a report to all committees and workers 
regarding the status of various matters going through the County Council of 
Defense. This bulletin also reported activities of the Milwaukee Red Cross and 
other organizations handling war work and carried each month a statement of the 
Council's financial expenditures. 

(6) — Furnished Milwaukee newspapers with publicity necessary in connection 
with local war work. 

(c) — Placed sixty war-service bulletin boards throughout the city, upon which 
were placed each week messages of interest to the public on various forms of war 
work and war-time activities. 

(d) — Organized a special committee and raised $600 through private subscrip- 
tions to conduct a campaign for calling Milwaukee County's war-time achieve- 
ments to the attention of other cities. Milwaukee was given much valuable 
publicity, especially in the East, through this campaign. 

(e) — Published a war directory, which listed all of Milwaukee's war activities 
by subject and contained an alphabetical list of all organizations in Milwaukee 
doing war work. This directory was published both in the city directory and in the 
telephone directory. 

(0 — Prepared special articles for various outside publications on Milwaukee's 
method of handling her war-time work. 

(g) — Submitted war- work material to house organs of Milwaukee factories 
and business houses. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



(h) — ^Answered scores of questions on war work daily through the central 
office information bureau. 

3— UNITED STATES ORDNANCE BUREAU 



UNITED STATES ORDNANCE BUREAU REPRESENTATIVES 

Frank J. Schmitt W. H. Simpson 

Howard Mitchell Marion Remington, Secretary 



On February 1, 1918, Frank Schmitt and Howard Mitchell were appointed 
special representatives of the Ordnance Bureau by Major L. N. Van Dusen, Chief 
of the Civilian Personnel, Ordnance Department at Washington, D, C. Miss 
Marion Remington was made secretary. These appointments were under the 
dollar a year plan. 

The objects of the Ordnance Bureau were two-fold: First, to assist Washington 
in getting competent people to fill various vacancies existing in all departments, 
and second, to keep the people of Milwaukee informed of vacancies existing and to 
advise them where their qualifications could best be used. Upon the resignation 
of both Mr. Schmitt and Mr. Mitchell, Miss Remington was appointed special 
representative and served without remuneration from February 1 until July 15, 
1918, when she was made secretary to Mr. P. E. Pope, Representative of the De- 
partment of Labor. 

From February 1 to November 11, 1918, 321 applications were sent by the bureau 
— part going to the main headquarters in Washington and the rest to Lieutenant 
W. N. Shepard, in charge of the Civilian Personnel in Chicago. On March 6, 
thirty-four machinists and tool-makers were hired and sent to the Rock Island 
Arsenal by Captain N. M. Marsilius, who made his headquarters at the Ordnance 
Bureau. These men were sent by their firms at the solicitation of the Special 
Representatives. Lieutenant-Colonel Ramsey, Commanding Officer of the Rock 
Island Arsenal, commenting on the results obtained in Milwaukee, thanked the 
bureau for its co-operation and said that in no other city of its size did the recruiting 
officer meet with such good results as he did here. From time to time, after March 
6, both tool-makers and machinists were sent to the arsenal by the bureau. 

Together with the civilian work after April 1, this department acted as an in- 
formation bureau for all men wishing to get into the service, principally for those 
who were in deferred classes. Applications were taken for the ground division of 
the Aviation Service, the Motor Transport School at Fort Sam Houston, the Rail- 
way Service overseas, for commissions in the Engineering Corps and for the Officer's 
Training School in the Motor Transport Corps. Those wishing to enlist in special 
branches for which no applications were issued were advised where their training 
and education could best be used and to what department in Washington to apply. 

4— LABOR BUREAU 



LABOR BUREAU 

P. E. Pope, Director 
Marion Remington, Secretary 



On the request of A. H. Melville, State Director of the Public Service Reserve, 
the recruiting arm of the U. S. Labor Department, the Council of Defense provided 
office room and furnished a stenographer, clerical help, filing cabinets, etc., for 
the traveling examiner of this branch of the Labor Department. This office was 
opened May 15, 1918, and was in operation from that date. 

The work consisted principally in recruiting labor for (1) ship yards, (2) war 
industries in general and in working with the U. S. Employment Service in dis- 
tribution and replacement of men in essential industries, this pertaining particu- 
larly to skilled help. During this time over 1,000 men reported at this office, 
seventy-five per cent of whom were from other parts of the state and employed on 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



non-essential work. This office made a specialty of finding the right man for the 
right job and letters on file from employers of labor in the city as well as from differ- 
ent parts of the state show that results were very satisfactory. 

Attention is called to the fact that through the efforts of this office, Milwaukee 
manufacturers were the first in the United States to turn over their employment 
proposition to the United States Employment Service, as shown by the fact that 
on June 19, 1918, representatives of forty-eight shops in Milwaukee met and passed 
a resolution to that effect; whereas, the labor department of the United States 
Government did not request such action until August 1. 

The labor turn-over was also made a subject of study, and suggestions and re- 
quests from this office were welcomed and acted upon by employers of the city. 

Many professional loafers were also induced to work and stay on the job. The 
files show that over one hundred such cases were taken care of. 

5— LABOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE 



LABOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE 

Henry Rumpel, Chairman _, Fred French 

Frank B. Metcalf Rep. on Executive Committee 

Hugh Kinney 

Frank Weber E. W. Heller, Secretary 



The Defense Council substantially recognized organized labor by including in 
its membership representatives of the various unions of Milwaukee. Organized 
labor was given representation upon the Executive Committee, which had direct 
supervision over the activities of the Defense Council. 

This Labor Advisory Committee was organized with the object of having its 
members investigate and make recommendations to the Council of Defense on 
labor matters. The committee consisted entirely of members of Milwaukee's 
labor organizations. 

The committee laid the foundation for a constructive program, including: 

1 — Determination of fair cost of living as basis for wages. 

2 — Program of family budgets and thrift as a means of conserving purchasing 
power. 

3 — Standardization of trade requirements. 

4 — Stabilizing of employment. 

Matters such as employment for brewery workers, building trades labor, etc., 
were discussed and referred to special agencies. 



10 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE. 



BUREAUS, COMMIT-reES, 
AND WORKING BOOIE.S 



CENTRAL ORGANIZATION 

AMD 
CO- OPCR AT I M Ci ao Dies ■ 



COMMITTEE. ON 



CHAIRMAN 
CHAlRMAH SOC.SeRV. 
CHAIRMAN FOOD 
CHAIRMAN FOEU 
CHAIRMAN AGR.PROD 
HEALTH COMM'R. 
WOMEti'S CHAIRMAN 
CHR COUNTY BOARD 



STAFF 

DIRECTOR SEC'V 
SeCV FOOD BUREAO 

ASSTi> 
3e.C-V FOEU BURCAU 

aec'v soc.sERvitc 

COOMTr AO-R AaEMT 
A53 IS TA.nTS, 



PUBLIC WELFARE. 



MILWAUKEE COUNTY COUNCIL 

OF 

DEFENSE. 



FOOD ADMINISTRATOR AND FOOD BOARD 

PRICE COMMITTEE, (fa.) 

U-S.&RAIN CORPORATIOM. 

DOMESTIC ECCONOMV COMMITTEE. 

MOTEI- ASSOCIATION 

RETAIU R«OCCRa,MARKE.TME.MS ASSM. 

MASTER BAKERS ASSN. 

MILK PROD. ASSH., BOTTI.E. EXCHAn&E 

WHOLESALE GROCERS, STORACkE MEM 

ICE OCALER-S ASSN., ICE. COMMITTEE 

OEPOTV FOOD AOMIM ISTRATORS 

CITV MARKE.T DEPARTMENT 

O.W. HORRIS COMPANV 
2. FUEL ADMINISTRATOR AND FOEt_ BOARD 

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON DOCK, RAIL 

AND RE.TA1L FUE.L 

U.S. FUEL EMGINEEJ^ 

SERVICE. BUREAU C OF DEFENSE 
3. BUREAU OF SOCIAL SE.RVICE. 

CEMTRAU COUNCll. OF SOCIAI. ASEMCfES 
CEnTRALIX.eO BUDGE.T 
A.COMMITXEE on PUBLIC HEALTH 

CITY HEALTH DEPARTMENT 

MEDICAL SOCIETIES 

Dispensaries, HOSPITALS public 

AND private. 

NURSINC ASSOCIATIOMS 

WIS ANTI-TUBERCOLOSIS assn 

b. committee. oh moraus ahd justice 

courts-aho probation oepartmenti 

leg.al aid society 

juvenile. protective ueacue. 

big brothbrs amd &•<• sister.s 

organization 
c committee oh recreation 

extention dept public schools 

v. m c a and y. w.ca 

SETTLEMENT HOUSES, SOCIAL CEmtERS 
PARK BOARD, AUDITORIUM 
D.COMMITTE.E OH RELIEP AHD OEPEHOEHCV 
ASSOC. CHARITIES, JEWISH CHARITIES 
50C ST VIHCENT OE PAOL. 
COUNTY POOR OFFICE 
^.BUREAU- A<iRlCU1_TURAL PROOUCTIOM 
COUNTY AGRICULTURAL AGENT 
CITY AHD COUNTY GARDEN COMM 
POULTRY ASSOCIATION 
BEE KEEPERS ASSOCIATION 
COUNTY AGkRiCULTORAL SCHOOL 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 11 



Department of Public Welfare 



PUBLIC WELFARE COMMITTEE 

Dr. W. F. Greenman, Chairman E. E. White 

Mayor Daniel W. Hoan Fred S. Hunt 

Wm. E. McCarty Dr. H. E. Dearholt 

Mrs. John W. Mariner H. L. Merkel, Secretary 



PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 

The primary function of this department was that of a clearing house for all 
agencies working for the advancement of the welfare of the civilian population. 
It received appeals for services needed in the community. So far as there were 
already existing agencies for performing these services, to them the proper appeals 
were instantly referred to avoid duplication. 

In a big city, highly organized like Milwaukee, new needs are constantly emerg- 
ing for meeting which there is no existing agency; the existing agencies are, as in the 
case of the city government, limited by the City Charter, the County Government 
and Courts by State Statutes, private agencies by charter, by constitution, by- 
laws or by their previously adopted financial budgets. 

The problem of protecting the civilian population from the ravages of war is a 
considerable one. Infant mortality, epidemics and crime have inevitably followed 
great conflicts. It has been the problem of the department to aid all movements 
tending to neutralize these dangers. 

J— FOOD BUREAU 





FOOD BOARD 




D. W. Hoan, Chairman 




Albert Friedmann 


A. T. Van Scoy 




D. W. Norris 


E. E. White 




P. P. Donahue 


Julius Frank 


O. R. Smith, Secretary 


Wm. D. Famum 



In 1917 food prices rose rapidly, poor folks not engaged in war industries suf- 
fering correspondingly. Transportation facilities were limited. We needed large 
quantities of food at low prices. The department assembled agencies, representing 
the State Council of Defense, State Fish and Game Commission, Express Companies, 
City Bureau of Weights and Measures, Chamber of Commerce, Wholesale Grocers, 
Restaurants and Lunch Rooms and the individual consumers. 

The work of the Food Bureau fell into three general lines. First, direct market- 
ing; second, educational work in food saving; and third, co-operation with the United 
States Food Administration for Milwaukee County. 

The marketing was done under the general supervision of the Food Board, 
composed of seven business men and the Mayor. The sales were conducted by 
the City Sealer of Weights and Measures. Last year the marketing was financed 
by D. W. Norris, through the D. W. Norris Commission Co. 

The food conservation work was under the general charge of the secretary of 
the Food Bureau, with a committee on domestic economy, composed of expert 
housewives, supervising the activities directed toward the education of the house- 
wife. This committee had as its executive officer an expert domestic science 
worker appointed by the United States Department of Agriculture to work witji 
the bureau. Her salary was paid by the national government. 

The work done with the County Food Administrator consisted in giving pub- 
licity to rulings of the United States Food Administration, conducting food cam- 
paigns, and assisting the committee named by the County Food Administrator 
to fix retail food prices. 



12 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



A— MARKETING 



Fred J. Janssen, City Sealer 
Wm. J. Steinel, Deputy 



(a) — Sales of Foodstuffs 

From May, 1917, to June, 1918, the Food Bureau sold 468,746 pounds of rough 
fish (carp, suckers, perch, etc.) on the city markets, and from September 19, 1918, 
to November 19, 1918, 127,660 pounds. The total sales were 596,406 pounds. 
The bulk of these fish were sold at from 6 to 7 cents a pound. Previous to the 
activities of the Food Burean in this direction, rough fish were being sold at from 
18 to 20 cents a pound. 

A year ago fish were obtained through the State Conservation Commission. 
To date this year they have been purchased directly from fish dealers in Green 
Bay. Forty-five carloads of potatoes were sold in the fall of 1917. Some of these 
were turned over to manufacturers for distribution among their employees; several 
cars were sold on the city markets; and the balance were delivered directly to 
consumers in bag lots. The price of potatoes in Milwaukee during the winter, 
of 1917-18 was 25 cents a bushel below the price of other cities in the country of 
Milwaukee's size. This fall the department sold four carloads of potatoes at $3 
per bag of two and one-half bushels, delivered. 

Other produce sold included four carloads of apples; two carloads of ruta- 
bagas; 12,000 pounds beans; 1,000 pounds of macaroni; 210 crates of cherries; 
200 bushels of onions; a considerable quantity of boxed apples and other mis- 
cellaneous sales. 

(6) — Marketing Investigation 

A study of marketing conditions and marketing agencies in Milwaukee, was 
made at the request of the Food Board. As a result of this study a report with 
recommendations for the creation of a municipal department of marketing was 
made to the Common Council. 

(c) — Price Fixing 

The secretary of the Food Board acted as a price investigator for the com- 
mittee named by the County Food Administrator to fix retail food prices. Twice 
each week, on Monday and Thursday, a personal inquiry was made into the whole- 
sale food markets, particularly the produce markets, and the results reported to 
the price committee. A report made to the committee by the secretary of the 
Food Board caused the committee to deny an increase in the price of bread asked 
by a number of retail bakers. 

(d) — Milk Distribution 

In July and August, 1917, a report on the local milk situation was made as a 
result of a personal study, both in the city and in the milk producing sections round 
about. This report guided the Food Board in its consideration of the city's milk 
problem, and its dealings with local milk dealers. 

Frequent meetings were held with milk dealers who were urged to do away 
with the great duplication in milk deliveries and to adopt some plan which would 
stop the loss of milk bottles, amounting to between $60,000 and $70,000 annually. 
Material reduction in the number of delivery wagons was effected without any 
loss to the consumer. By the adoption of a "No Bottle, No Milk" rule at retail 
stores, the bulk of the bottle loss has been eliminated. Considering the tremendous 
demand for milk and milk products which come with the war, and the high price 
received by farmers, the price of milk in Milwaukee was stabilized by the work 
of the Food Bureau. 

The secretary of the bureau served as a member of the interstate committee 
appointed by Governor Philipp to settle the milk controversy between dairymen, 
both in Illinois and Wisconsin, and Chicago milk dealers. This committee fixed 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 13 



the price to be paid the producers, below the price asked by the producers. This 
was of direct benefit to Milwaukee, as producers supplying Milwaukee with milk 
follow the lead of those supplying Chicago. 

One hundred thousand house cards and 4,000 store cards emphasizing the 
importance of the prompt return of milk bottles were prepared by the Food Board 
and distributed and paid for by milk dealers. A shortage of milk bottles which 
might have resulted in seriously affecting the public health was averted in the dead 
of winter by a prompt appeal to the public to return every bottle and an appeal to 
the Illinois Food Administration to assist Milwaukee dealers in getting several 
carloads of bottles which they had not been able to obtain. At the time, dealers 
feared that they might have to deliver milk in open cans. 

B—FOOD CONSERVATION 

The necessity for food conservation was no occasion for irritation in Milwaukee. 
On the contrary, this division of the Food Board assembled for co-operation, 
representatives of United States Government, experts, Milwaukee Industrial and 
Continuation Schools, Women's Ward Organizations, Food Specialists from various 
Milwaukee hospitals and institutions of learning. 

(a) — Campaign to Reach Public Food Agencies 

Milwaukee had what was probably the first war bread in the country. This 
was put on the market in July, 1917, as a result of experiments made jointly by 
members of the Domestic Economy Committee and Milwaukee wholesale bakers. 
This bread, which was being sold in Milwaukee before the United States Food 
Administration had been created, affected a saving of 25 per cent in wheat. 

In the days previous to the licensing of bakers by the Food Administration 
and the requirement that all bakers must use a percentage of wheat substitutes in 
making their breadstuffs, the sale of this bread amounted to from 10,000 to 20,000 
loaves a week. Another bread, saving 50 per cent in wheat, obtained a consider- 
able sale among the retail bakers. This bread weighed two pounds in the loaf and 
sold at 15 cents, cash and carry, being 25 per cent cheaper than other breadstuffs 
at that time. 

Hotels, restaurants, clubs, public institutions and other eating places were 
enlisted in food conservation. A committee representing the public eating places 
agreed to a definite program for food saving which all eating places were encouraged 
to adopt. The written pledges of the majority of hotel and restaurant men in the 
city to save food according to the request of the Food Administration, were ob- 
tained. The work of regulating public eating places was taken over by the County 
Food Administrator with his appointment under the national food law. 

Flour jobbers of the city were pursuaded to use their efforts to increase the sale 
of wheat substitutes. Ten thousand circulars containing recipes for making bread 
with substitutes were distributed by the jobbers, who reported their sales of sub- 
stitutes appreciably increased. This was previous to the Food Administration's 
rule requiring the purchase of substitutes with wheat flour. 

Retail grocers pledged their support to the conservation campaign. Con- 
siderable food literature was distributed through the grocers. 

(b) — Campaign to Reach Housewives 



DOMESTIC ECONOMY COMMITTEE 

Miss Gertrude Sherman, Chairman Mrs. Wilbur LeCron 

Miss Ora Blanchar Mrs. C. S. Reynolds 

Miss Ella Babcock Mrs. Perry Williams 

Mrs. H. B, Hitz Mrs. Simon Kander 

Mrs. L. C. Mayhew Mrs. Geo. Chamberlain 

Mrs. C. E. Anderton Miss Ida Roberts, Secretary 



]4 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

The aim of the Food Bureau and its Domestic Economy Division in all work 
with housewives has been two-fold: First, to get an intelligent co-operation with 
the National Food Administration in its international food program; and second; 
to help the housewife to prepare better food from the standpoint of nutrition with 
a smaller expenditure of money. 

A training class for volunteer workers to teach food saving was conducted in 
November and December, 1917. Forty-five women, all experienced housewives, 
completed this course, which was given with the help of the Extension Department 
of the State University. Between January 9, 1918, and June 30, 1918, fifty classes 
were conducted by these women in school houses, church halls, lodge rooms, and 
other meeting places throughout the county. Two thousand women attended 
these classes one day each week for from five to six weeks, where they were given 
talks and cooking demonstrations, A series of lesson sheets was worked out for 
this purpose. 

In July, 1918, another training class was held with the result that the volunteer 
teaching force was increased by twenty-five. 

The number of persons reached by these women in talks and single demonstra- 
tions, exclusive of the classes, was fully 10,000. 

The Food Bureau encouraged the teaching of food conservation in the schools 
by supplying literature and general information and by personal conferences with 
the teachers, particularly those of the Domestic Science departments. 

Public demonstrations of war cooking were conducted for two weeks in the 
south-side store of the Schuster Company; for a week in the Mack Block offices, 
formerly occupied by Bunde & Upmeyer Company; and for another week in the 
Auditorium at a food show conducted by a local newspaper. In September, 1917, 
a Hoover Lunch Room, serving only war dishes, was conducted at the State Fair, 
2,000 persons being served at this lunch room during the week, and some 10,000 
pieces of literature distributed. Two booths at the State Fair were conducted by 
workers of the Domestic Economy section in September, 1918, in co-operation with 
the State Council of Defense. 

Demonstrations in canning and preserving were given in twelve county schools 
and many more demonstrations were given throughout the county during the 1918 
canning season. Because of the serious shortage of sugar all canning done by 
Food Bureau workers in their demonstrations was done without sugar, or with a 
minimum of sugar. 

One hundred thousand pieces of literature on canning with a minimum of sugar 
were distributed for the Bureau by the Milwaukee Gas Light Company. Twenty- 
five thousand similar circulars were distributed through sugar stations established 
by the County Food Administrator. Volunteer workers attended many of the 
sugar stations daily throughout the canning season and instructed housewives 
who called for sugar permits as to how they might put up their fruits, despite the 
sugar shortage. 

Daily demonstrations were conducted in the salesroom of the Milwaukee Gas 
Light Company for several weeks. Similar demonstrations were conducted for 
two weeks in the Grand Avenue store of the Woolworth Company. It is estimated 
that from 15,000 to 20,000 persons were reached directly through these public 
demonstrations . 

Canning demonstrations were also given at the Farwell Avenue market on 
Saturday afternoons for several weeks. 

Early in November, 1918, headquarters were opened at 450 Jackson street for 
instruction in food and clothing conservation. Arrangements were made with 
many of the public schools and social centers for teaching the use and making over 
of old clothes. Volunteer workers with experience in making clothes were obtained 
to attend to this work under the immediate supervision of a trained dress maker and 
teacher employed for the purpose. 

Housewives and mothers were notified to come to the schools at the time fixed, 
bringing garments with them and receiving such help as they might need in making 
them over. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 15 

(c) — Distribution of Literature 

The bulk of the literature distributed by the Food Bureau was supplied by the 
U. S. Food Administration, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the Univer- 
sity Extension Division. 

Fully half a million pieces of literature were distributed through the public 
library, and its branches, the public schools, food distributors, at meetings and food 
demonstrations. This literature included food posters, recipes, and food suggestions 
of all kinds. 

A conservation cook book was prepared by workers of the Domestic Economy 
section and 36,500 copies were sold at a modest price. 

A weekly food bulletin in mimeographed form, containing information on the 
latest food regulations and the food situation generally, was mailed to a list of 1,200, 
including public institutions and many of the public eating places, grocers, teachers, 
bakers, wholesale dealers and housewives. 

(d) — Financing the Bureau 

The expenses of all marketing activities of the bureau were more than met by 
the proceeds of sales of produce, ' 

The Hoover Lunch Room paid for itself and left a balance of about $300, which 
was used in the educational work of the bureau. 

The revenues from the conservation cook book paid all of the costs of printing 
and left a surplus of several hundred dollars. 

The expenses of all food classes conducted by the bureau were met by a small 
charge for the classes or by money obtained through other activities. 





2— FUEL BUREAU 






FUEL BOARD 




Fred Hunt, Chairman 




R. B. Brown 


Edward Uhrig 




James Hannan 


J. L. McMahon 




W. N. Fitzgerald 


E. E. White 


L. G. Shepard, Supervising Secretary 


Clifton Williams 



(a) — Emergency Fuel Sales 

To meet the severe conditions of last winter, the Fuel Bureau, in the middle of 
December, opened five emergency fuel stations in ward yards, where coal was sold 
at cost in quantities of 300 pounds or less. In January it was found necessary to 
establish eleven additional stations in fire stations throughout the city, one at Jones 
Island and one on the Blue Mound Road. Through these stations a total of 1,689,- 
375 pounds of coal were sold. The sales numbered 12,569. Much distress, due 
to the difficulty of making deliveries and the shortage of fuel, was thereby prevented. 
Arrangements were completed for the operation of twenty-six emergency fuel sta- 
tions this winter. They were stocked to full capacity with coal and an additional 
supply was arranged for. By action of the Common Council, the fire stations and 
the ward yards were again placed at the disposal of the Fuel Bureau, for this purpose. 

(6) — Reports 
The Fuel Bureau kept the public informed as to the local fuel situation by the 
publication of authentic information. On July 18, 1917, the bureau furnished 
Mayor Hoan with data on the coal requirements for Milwaukee. On September 13, 
1917, the bureau submitted to the public, a detailed report upon the anthracite 
coal situation. On October 4, 1917, the bureau made public a similar report on the 
bituminous coal situation. On September 29 and October 9, the bureau furnished 
the State Council of Defense with data on the coal receipts in Milwaukee. On 
November 1, 1917, the bureau furnished comparative data on the receipts of an- 
thracite and bituminous coal for the years 1916 and 1917. During the present 
season the bureau issued a monthly public report showing the receipts and ship- 



16 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



ments of both anthracite and bituminous coal as compared with the same dates in 
1917. The prompt action of the fuel bureau in the early fall of 1917 was largely- 
responsible for getting an almost normal coal supply on Milwaukee's docks, thus 
saving this district from a serious shortage, such as many other large cities had to 
contend with. 

(c) — Home Service 

The bureau secured the services of seventy-five heating experts in the city to 
volunteer their services for the purpose of making free inspections of heating plants. 
Return post cards were sent to all Milwaukee families, offering to make free in- 
spections of their heating plants. Over 5,000 heating plants were inspected. 
Of these 85 per cent were found to be in need of minor repairs that would help 
materially to conserve fuel, 10 per cent were in need of firing information and 5 
per cent only were found to be in first class condition. In approximately 10 per 
cent of the cases reported, the Fuel Bureau succeeded in getting landlords to make 
necessary repairs, and in many other cases heating plants were repaired by the 
landlord after hearing the recommendations of the Defense Council inspector. 
It can safely be said that through actual inspections and the publicity given this 
work, the bureau saved thousands of tons of coal for Milwaukee consumers. 

{d) — Educational Material 

During the fall of 1917, the bureau compiled a furnace card bearing rules for 
firing, and suggestions for the prevention of fuel waste. The bureau placed over 
80,000 of these cards in Milwaukee homes. The bureau this season prepared an 
up-to-date leaflet on the use of soft coal and on other aspects of home firing, of which 
50,000 copies were distributed. 

(e) — Adjustments and Complaints 

During the winter of 1917-18, the bureau investigated and made adjustments in 
the case of innumerable complaints from the public as to prices charged by the 
various coal companies and other matters. The bureau assisted in securing coal 
for numerous poor families in distress. The Fuel Bureau bore the brunt of this 
work for the Fuel Administration last winter and is already receiving and handling 
similar cases this year. 

(/) — Miscellaneous 

Acting on a report from the Master Bakers' Association, to the effect that a 
wood shortage was causing bakers severe trouble, the Fuel Bureau made an in- 
vestigation of conditions, and after finding the difficulty of the source of supply 
to be car and labor shortage, secured the co-operation of the State Council of De- 
fense in increasing the car supply. 

3— AGRICULTURAL BUREAU 





AGRICULTURAL EXECUTIVE BOARD 


CD. Adams 
E. T. Griffin 
P. J. Grogan 


Eugene Warnimont Anton S. Baranowski 
C. C. Jacobus David Davies 
M. C. Potter Daisie Allen 




City Agricultural Commission 


C. D. Adams 

Mrs. F. W. Carberry 


C. O. Davis Perry Powell 
Mrs. H. B. Hitz E. J. Schaefer 
L. D. Peaslee 



(a) — Vacant Lot Gardens 

A total of over 1,000 vacant lots in the city were under cultivation last summer. 
Of these over 450 were assigned and plowed through the direct efforts of this bureau. 
Three hundred additional vacant lots were cultivated as the result of last year's 
activities. Twenty acres in large tracts, in addition to the above, were prepared 
and assigned to gardeners. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 17 

(6) — Junior Gardens 

The bureau, with the co-operation of the public and parochial school officers and 
teachers, enrolled in the United States School Garden Army, 11,000 children 
gardeners. Over seven thousand of these successfully completed the season's 
work and were awarded United States School Garden Army insignia. The bureau 
enrolled 920 volunteer garden visitors to supervise the children's gardens. A 
course of four lectures was given to equip the visitors for their work. Of the number 
originally enrolled, over 850 of the garden visitors conscientiously completed their 
assigned work and reported at the end of the season upon the gardens visited. 

(c) — Distribution of Seeds and Plants 

To encourage gardening, the bureau distributed over 11,000 packets of garden 
seeds at a nominal price; gave 9,000 tomato plants free of charge to gardeners, as 
well as fourteen bushels of seed potatoes and a considerable amount of other seeds. 
Twenty thousand useful leaflets and bulletins upon gardening and poultry raising 
were distributed free of charge. 

{d) — War Garden Exhibits 

The bureau conducted a series of thirteen sectional exhibits and a grand central 
war garden exhibit on a scale never before attempted in the city. There were 
nearly 2,000 exhibitors in the thirteen exhibits in various parts of the city and over 
350 of the best of these at the central exhibit. The latter was divided into adult, 
junior, and canned goods section, money prizes and ribbons being awarded in each. 
These exhibits greatly encouraged gardening and will mean a material increase in 
local food production. 

(e) — Poultry Raising 

The bureau organized two poultry associations with 850 members. They were 
given a series of talks and demonstrations on poultry raising. A poultry exhibit 
was held on November 7-8-9, 1918, at which a total of over 350 entries were m.ade, 
and at which time many valuable merchandise and money prizes were awarded. 

(/) — Garden Plowing 

Arrangements were made with the Department of Public Works whereby all 
war gardens were plowed at cost by the city. The bureau has already assigned 
several hundred vacant lots for use next year. The Public Works Department is 
at present engaged in plowing and furnishing fertilizer for these lots. 

(g) — County Agricultural Agent 

By arrangement with the State Relations Service of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, the services of a County Agricultural Agent were assigned to 
the Agricultural Bureau beginning December 1, 1917, and continuing at present. 
The services of the County Agricultural Agent were secured upon the condition 
that the Defense Council pay his automobile up-keep and other incidental expenses. 

4— SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU 



SOCIAL SERVICE COMMITTEE 

Rev. W. F. Greenman, Chairman Harold Berg 

Dr. Oscar Lotz Rabbi Samuel Hirshberg 

Geo. Harris Rev. P. H. Dumin 

S. P. Glass Judge A. C. Backus 

Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 



This bureau, as could no other agency, assembled seventy-two agencies, twenty 
of which were public, as of federal, state, county or city service; fifty-two represented 
private social agencies within the city. Its main lines of service were under 
Divisions of Health, Recreation, Morals and Justice, and Dependency. 



18 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Some matters referred to it, like the Children's Year Program requested by the 
Federal Government, required the service of all the divisions and sub-divisions re- 
inforced by the Women's Ward Organizations and various public agencies. 

Many important results were secured. It was the studied policy of this bureau 
to insist that the credit of accomplishment should rest with the agency or person 
who finally did the work although the whole situation was first canvassed, the work 
outlined and initiated at the meetings of some division of this bureau. 



(a)— DEPENDENCY DIVISION 




DEPENDENCY COMMITTEE 




S. J. Glass, Chairman 


Rev. W. F. Greenman 


Herman O. Kent 


Wm. C. Spindler 


Rev. Jos. Kroha 


Miss Irma Hochstein 


Miss Jeanette Kent 


Miss Ida Roberts 


Mrs. Katherine Van Wyck 


Jos. A. Domachowski 


Miss Kathryn Washbvim, Secretary 





The Dependency Division participated in: 

/ — Revision of family budgets after new survey of cost of living here. 

2 — Research into fate of mother and babies in 68 cases of illegitimacy to discover means for a 
humane disposition. 

3 — Improved basis of co-operation between relief agencies. 

The bureau prepared a report upon the increased cost of living from July, 1915, 
to July, 1918. The report, which was based upon direct evidence and was itemized 
as to the various factors that enter into the cost of living, was offered as evidence 
at a hearing of the War Labor Board at Washington. The Bureau has furnished 
copies of the report to employers, to labor representatives and to public officials, 
as a basis for adjusting wage and salary schedules. 



(b)— HEALTH DIVISION 




HEALTH COMMITTEE 




Dr. Oscar Lotz, Chairman 


Dr. Louis Daniels 


Dr. W. F. Becker 


Dr. Richard Dewey 


Dr. F. J. Gaenslen 


Dr. H. E. Dearholt 


Dr. Geo. C. Ruhland 


Dr. E. V. Brumbaugh 


Dr. Chas. Lemon 


Rev. W. F. Greenman 


Dr. F. M. Schultz 


Dr. Louis Jermain 


Miss Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 





/ — Shortage of Pharmacists 

The bureau investigated a reported shortage of registered pharmacists in 
Milwaukee and reported upon the situation to the District Draft Board. In order 
to protect the public welfare, the bureau worked out a better distribution system 
of available pharmacists, which was approved at a meeting of about 250 druggists. 

2 — The Influenza Epidemic 

The bureau aided the City Health Department in its educational campaign to 
check the influenza epidemic. The bureau distributed 40,000 hand bills in Milwau- 
kee, Wauwatosa, West Allis, South Milwaukee and North Milwaukee; placed 1,000 
placards in factories and public places, and 2,000 special cards in public elevators. 
Speakers were sent out who addressed over 30,000 men and women employees in 
Milwaukee industrial plants on precautions against the disease. During the early 
weeks of the epidemic, in accordance with an agreement with the Health Com- 
missioner, the bureau served as a registry or employment agency for the various 
kinds of help needed at the emergency influenza hospitals. 

3 — Ice Situation 

During the hot spell last summer, when ice deliveries were inadequate, this 
bureau arranged for the maintenance of emergency ice depots at the city markets. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 19 



The bureau secured the co-operation of the ice companies in the issuance of 75,000 
hand bills advertising the location of all ice stations where ice could be purchased 
cheaply on the cash and carry plan. These arrangements helped materially to 
improve the ice situation in the face of an acute labor shortage. 

4 — Other Activities 

(a) — Establishment of venereal disease clinic at Marquette University. 

(h) — Promotion of program which led to action for new county hospital. 

(c) — Promotion of program which led to action for new downtown dispensary. 

{d) — Campaign to recruit candidates for professional nursing. 

(e) — Endorsement and co-operation in establishing a training school and bureau 
of home nursing. 

(/) — Similar endorsement of Public Health Instructors Course. 

is) — Following up army tuberculosis rejects as well as tuberculosis draft rejects 
urged. 

{h) — Formation of Mental Hygiene Society encouraged. 

{c)— CHILD WELFARE 



CHILD WELFARE COMMITTEE 

Dr. Geo. C. Ruhland, Chairman Miss Annette West 

Mrs. Joseph Schumacher Rev. W. F. Greenman 

Mrs. Chas. S. Forsyth Mrs. H. F. Tyrrell 

Mrs. C. H. Peterson Miss Blanche Ellsworth, Secretary 



The Children's Year Campaign was undertaken at the request of the Federal 
Children's Bureau at Washington. A committee was created within the bureau 
to handle the program. Sixty baby stations were operated throughout the city 
during a working period of about two and one-half months. Of a total of 20,058 
babies weighed and measured at these stations, 16,698 were found to be normal and 
3,360 below normal. 292 women aided in the weighing and measuring work as helpers 
at the various stations. A corps of 300 women under the direction of twenty-five 
chairmen was organized for the follow-up work. The workers, nurses and volun- 
teers, visited about 1,000 cases. A complete census of all children under six years 
of age in Milwaukee was taken. The bureau distributed much literature on child 
welfare subjects. 

The work now in progress and in contemplation includes: 

(a) — Visiting homes to insure a more complete weighing and measuring of 
children not brought to stations. 

(6) — Follow-up visits by ward workers, instructed by the Health Commissioner, 
in homes of babies under-nourished and under-sized, to give counsel and secure 
needed help. 

(c) — Organization of instruction of mothers by means of (a) Kindergarten 
Mothers' Clubs, (b) Parent Teachers' Associations in every ward to instruct in 
everything a mother needs to know with regard to health, preventive medicine, 
feeding and food conservation, clothing conservation, administration of income and 
thrift, moral training, recreation and the many municipal agencies to help in bring- 
ing children to a fit maturity. 

(</) — Organization of mothers to improve neighborhood conditions. It re- 
quired the overhauling of all agencies performing service for children, the laws 
dealing with children in industry. 

Much of this work is in hand, much more is planned; the people who are volun- 
teering for service, much of it specialists' work, are most eager for this opportunity 
to co-operate with the entire community to make Milwaukee the best children's 
city in the United States. Not the least value of this work with mothers is to facili- 
tate the work of the division on Americanization in reaching many homes other- 
wise inaccessible. 



20 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 





{d)— RECREATION DIVISION 






RECREATION COMMITTEE 




Harold Berg, Chairman 




Perry Powell 


W. L. Davidson 




Chas. E. McLenegan 


F. W. Carberry 




Geo. B. Downer 


Peter Murphy 




Dudley Crafts Watson 


Dr. J. B. Modesitt 




S. Y. Hughes 


Rev. W. F. Greenman 




Percy Braman 


James Currie 




Miss Irma Wallace 


Miss Ruth Stolte 


Miss Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 


Miss Lillian Truesdell 



This division assembled the representatives of nine pubHc and nine private 
agencies. It initiated recommendations resulting in: 

(/) — Keeping the Social Centers open during a fuel shortage, 

(2) — Increased attendance at Sunday concerts in the Auditorium and reduced 
admission to children to five cents. 

(3) — Making natatoria available to more people at better hours. 

{4) — Extension of use of Milwaukee Art Institute. 

(5) — Laying the foundation for recreation and patriotic service among young 
women now taken over by the War Camp Community Service. 

{6) — This division has in hand a program to extend School Social Center service 
as a partial offset in the closing of 1,800 saloons in July, (b) — To hold a National 
Home Craft exhibit in Social Centers and in the Milwaukee Art Institute as a step 
in Americanization, (c) — The federation of Boys Athletic Clubs with an athletic 
director of boys to promote athletics and organize amateur clubs. 

{e)— MORALS AND JUSTICE DIVISION 



MORALS AND JUSTICE COMMITTEE 


Judge A. C. Backus, Chairman 


Rev. Theo. Kissling 


Rev. W. F. Greenman 


Miss Pearl Micel 


Perry Powell 


Judge A. C. Karel 


Miss Edith Foster 


Judge Geo. E. Page 


Miss Alma Schlesinger 


Wm. J. Morgan 


M. McCormack 


Mrs. L. E. Stiles 


Miss Louise Tillson 


Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 



This division assembled Judges of three courts, three probation officers, repre- 
sentatives of Juvenile Protective Agency, Big Sisters, Big Brothers, Legal Aid 
Society, Newsboys Republic, Boys' Club and the Public. 

The meetings provided the first opportunity for judges, court workers and repre- 
sentatives of private agencies to meet around the same table to share each others 
problems and points of view. The frank informal nature of the discussions made it 
possible to hear criticisms and suggestions, as well as to give individual opinions, 
explanations and interpretations of laws. This sincere exchange, inspired by the 
desire for juvenile welfare, led to the following accomplishments for the community: 

/ — The actual prevention of juvenile delinquency instead of an increase (to 
be expected in war time) as in Chicago, which reported an increase of 32 per cent, 
and as in the warring countries. 

In Milwaukee, juvenile delinquency was lessened by the issuing of five bulletins 
in several languages, calling the attention of parents to the forms of delinquency 
under which children are brought into juvenile court. They are the following 
subjects prepared by Judge Karel: 

(a) — Parental responsibility. 

(6) — Shop-lifting. 

(c) — Trespassing on the railroad tracks. 

(</) — Peddling and begging. 

(e) — Dance halls. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 21 

2 — It prepared a new dance-hall ordinance and commended an elaborate amount 
of research work performed by a private agency looking toward a new Children's 
Code for the State. 

3 — The bureau investigated the commercial street carnivals held in large numbers 
in Milwaukee during the early months of the summer and made a report to the 
Executive Committee, as a result of which a communication was addressed to the 
Mayor and the Common Council, advising against the holding of such shows in 
Milwaukee during the period of the war. Action was taken resulting in the pro- 
hibition of any further shows of this character. 

if)— HOUSING 



INDUSTRIAL HOUSING COMMITTEE 

Nat Stone, Chairman Milton C. Granger 

Wm. J. Alldridge D. W. Hoan 

Wm. Geo. Bruce Fred Hunt 

Dr. Hoj^ Dearholt Dr. J. B. Modesitt 

Ed. Hoffmann Wm. Schuchardt 

Mrs. Geo. Lines Theo. Vilter 

P. E. Pope ^ Fred Vogel, Jr. 

Mrs. A. F. Gallun H. L. Merkel, Secretary 

RENT PROFITEERING COMMITTEE 

E. R. Kiefer, Chairman A. C. Sehrt 

Hugh Kinney Ed. Hoffmann 

John Picken H. L. Merkel, Secretary 



At the request of the United States Housing Corporation of the Department of 
Labor, a committee on Industrial Housing was created in the bureau during the 
first week of November, 1918. The new committee represented the Housing 
Corporation and the Council of Defense, in all matters pertaining to industrial 
housing. The bureau made a survey of all buildings in the county for the purpose 
of securing a record of all available housing, rooming and boarding facilities and for 
the purpose of determining a basis for Milwaukee's future building program. The 
bureau will follow the completion of the survey with the establishment of a Homes 
Registration Bureau, which will expand the scope of the present Rental Registry 
to include rooming places as well as houses, flats, etc. 

As a protection to the public, the committee named a sub-committee on 
Rent Profiteering, to hear and adjust cases of complaints against excessive increases 
in rent. The government especially urged that this work be kept up because of 
the shortage of homes that has developed during the past few years, due to the scarci- 
ty of materials and the ban on building, and because of the anticipated difficulty 
of providing housing facilities for Milwaukee men when they are discharged from 
the service. 

(g)— CENTRAL RENTAL REGISTRY 

As a convenience to the public, the bureau on September 10, 1918, established 
a Central Rental Registry where a complete record of all vacant houses, flats, 
cottages, bungalows and apartments were kept. Home seekers were thus enabled 
in a single place to get in touch with all available dwelling places in the city. Through 
the co-operation of the Chief of Police, John T. Janssen, the police force secured a 
list of all vacant places in the city, which was used as the original basis for the opera- 
tion of the registry. In less than eight weeks of operation the registry received 
857 calls for dwelling places and has a record of 234 places reported as actually 
rented through its agency. An average of 167 dwelling places of various kinds has 
been on file up to date. 



22 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



OEPARTMEMT OF MANUFACTURES 



BUREAUS, COMMITTEES 
Ar<0 V«yORKVMG> BOD\e.* 



CENTRAt- ORGANIXATIOIS 

AMD 
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COMMITTEE. ON 




CHAIRMAH 

CHR METAU TRADE.* 
CHH TEXTILE. TRADE*S 
CMR LEATHE.R TRADES 
CHW Bi_OGT«ADE.i 
CHR WOOD TRADE* 
CH»« PACKlMGTt^ADE* 
CHCV BREWING IISD 
CWR dOAP \ CMEM 

MAHUFACTUF 


ST/ 

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I. CEMTRAU ATAPP DEPARTMENT MPG.». 

MILWAUKEE. IMOOSTRtAUftOREAO AX WASHiriGTOM 

COMMITTE.E. OM COMVERSlOM AMD RE- 

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4. Public cjTiLiTiti committee 
S LEATHER TRADED COMMITTEE 

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SHOE MPO- ASSOCIATIOH 

HARNESS MAKERS COMMITTEE 

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7 WOODWORK TRADER COMMITTEE 
MILUWORK BOREAU 

6.SOAP a;-*d chemical committee. 

S COAL AND GA5 PRODoCT«> CHEMI- 

CAUS 
lOBAKING AND CONFECTIOMERY 

COMf^lTTEE- 
II. FLOUR AMD PEE.O MIUL.1MG COM- 
MITTEE 

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 
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MIUWAOKEE BREWERS ASSri 
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SPECTION OFPlCE 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 23 



Department of Manufactures 



COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES 

A. H. Vogel, Regional Adviser Fred S. Hunt, Brooms and Brushes 

R. P. Tell, Chairman Metal Trades Caleb Johnson, Soap 

Frank Weyenberg, Leather Industry Wm. F. Luick, Ice Cream 

Alfred Morawetz, Textile Industry Ludington Patton, Paints 

Louis Kuhn, Candy and Cakes t^,^,. j «rjT5j* 
Wm. Eichfeld, Building and Construction Fred Schroeder, Wood Products 

Gustave Becherer, Brewers W. H. Tharinger, Food 

H. S. Culver, Packing Trades w, H. Upmeyer, Jewelers 

E. O. Ellsworth Chemicals Herman Weigell, Bedding Manufacturers 

A. J. Hilbert, Flavor mg Extracts „ * x^ ttt i i. t, 4. ^• 

Frank J. Schmitt, ^- ^- Dempsey, Waukesha Representative 

Washington Representative Chester F. Rohn, Secretary 



PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 

The Department of Manufactures was one of the first sections of the Defense 
Council organization to be completed. It was organized in June, 1917, and im- 
mediately began to render valuable assistance to the manufacturers of Milwaukee 
County in numerous ways. Its specific program has been to co-operate with all 
industries and see that all possible information and advice was furnished to make the 
change to war-time production as rapid and as easy as possible. 

Following this program constant touch has been kept with the problem of 
securing war contracts. A fund was raised by a committee under the leadership of 
Mr. Alfred Morawetz, and the Milwaukee Industrial Bureau was established solely to 
keep our industries fully informed as to government needs, priorities, rulings and 
orders. This bureau, located in the Washington Loan and Trust Bldg., became the 
office of Region No. 17, War Industries Board when the regional manufacturers' com- 
mittee was adopted by the War Industries Board as a national plan. 

1—WAR CONTRACTS 

Giving manufacturers of Milwaukee County aid in obtaining contracts for 
government work was one of the first efforts of this department. At the time the 
department was organized many manufacturers of this locality were ready and will- 
ing to devote the capacity of their factories to government work, but did not know 
how to proceed to obtain such work. The Department of Manufactures im- 
mediately made connections with the Purchasing Departments of the government 
at Washington and at other points throughout the country where purchases were 
made. In a short time the department was receiving daily complete lists of the 
government calls for materials of all kinds. Copies of specifications and blue 
prints were obtained and placed at the disposal of local manufacturers. Results 
were obtained almost immediatley. 

All told, approximately 375 contracts in the Milwaukee district were obtained 
either directly or indirectly through the aid of this department. These contracts 
ranged in value from a few thousand dollars up into millions. Many of them 
exceeded $250,000 and the largest recorded amounted to $2,293,000. These con- 
tracts covered a big variety of supplies and materials and will enable Milwaukee, 
in the future, to claim her full share in the matter of furnishing necessary supplies 
to the government during the war. 

In bringing government schedules to the attention of Milwaukee bidders, over 
4,000 postal cards were sent to Milwaukee county concerns. In cases where it was 
known that only a few concerns were equipped to handle a contract, the sales 
managers of these concerns were called to the office in person to go over the speci- 
fications. 

In addition to the large number of blue prints which were returned to Washing- 



24 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

ton after bids had been entered, there are now on file over 150 sets of these prints 
which contain much valuable information. 

In addition to securing the schedules for government work from all the different 
purchasing departments of the Navy, War, and Interior Departments and from the 
various Quartermaster Depots of the country, the Emergency Fleet Corporation 
and the Field Medical Supply Depots, aggregating some 15,000, the department 
has furnished information of every description to bidders, has secured and furnished 
necessary bidding blanks and has furnished other detailed information. 

In a number of cases this department induced the purchasing divisions of the 
government to alter or amend specifications so as to permit bidders in this district 
to compete for the work. In several cases these suggestions resulted in the govern- 
ment obtaining better material at cheaper prices than called for by the original 
specifications. 

2— INDUSTRIAL INVENTORY 

Another of the government's war needs was an industrial inventory of Milwaukee 
County. It was necessary for the government to know what this county's industrial 
capacity and resources amounted to and to know which and how many concerns 
then engaged in the manufacture of non-essential commodities could be converted 
to handle war supplies. The Department of Manufactures undertook this task and 
after several months of work obtained a complete and elaborate classification of 
Milwaukee industries. This information will be preserved for its future value. 

3— PRIORITIES 

A very important feature of the work of this department was the furnishing of 
priority ratings to Milwaukee manufacturers. Hundreds of application blanks for 
priority certificates were furnished to Milwaukee concerns and in response to in- 
quiries from other sections of the state. Circulars explaining the method of apply- 
ing the automatic priority ratings were distributed also. The department pre- 
pared blank affidavits covering the different automatic classifications, samples of 
which were distributed to manufacturers, thus enabling them to make necessary 
copies of the particular ruling applicable to their businesses. This assistance 
greatly aided Milwaukee concerns in obtaining raw material. Without this help 
they would have been subject to much red tape and delay in appealing to authorities 
at Washington. Such delay would have caused serious set-backs to the production 
of war supplies in this community. The applications for ratings on priority classi- 
fications from Milwaukee manufacturers numbered from 20 to 30 daily for many 

4— LABOR DISPUTES 

The adjustment of labor disputes was also recognized as a function of this 
department during the war period, and, until such time as the Defense Council's 
Labor Bureau was established, this department was successful in settling a number 
of threatened industrial controversies before they became serious enough to retard 
production. 

5— CONVERSION OF PLANTS 

This department used its influence and efforts very successfully in helping 
manufacturers to put their plants on a war-time basis so that they could handle 
government contracts. Many plants which were facing a shut-down because they 
could not obtain raw materials and skilled labor for their non-essential production 
were restored to a prosperous basis through the aid of this department. Many of 
the smaller plants which were facing such a predicament were saved through re- 
ceiving sub-contracts from the larger concerns which had obtained government 
work. A big concern, after obtaining a large government contract, would parcel 
out to dozens of smaller plants portions of the work. This arrangement enabled 
these smaller places to continue operation. 

6— NEW INDUSTRIES 

The Committee on Manufactures, at the request of the War Industries Board, 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 25 



investigated a number of projects looking toward the establishment of new war 
industries in the Milwaukee district. The concrete ship-building proposition, the 
airplane industry, the manufacture of bayonets and of semi-steel shells, and the 
matter of establishing a big chemical industry were among the propositions in- 
vestigated. Most of these were rejected by Milwaukee manufacturers on the ground 
that they already had as much government work as could be cared for under ex- 
isting conditions. Plans and specifications for different government building 
projects throughout the country were obtained by this department and submitted 
to the Builders' Exchange for the convenience of Milwaukee bidders. 

7— WAR SUPPLIES MADE IN MILWAUKEE 

Among the articles turned out in Milwaukee establishments for the army and 
navy were the following: 

Winter gauntlets. Navy work gloves, riding gloves, spark arrestors, tent stove 
pipes, aviation propellers, balloon pullers, liberty motors, flags, sample cases, 
trench and field shoes, Navy shoes, leather, four wheel drive motor parts, riveted 
mill chains, trench mittens, officers' gauntlets, privates' gloves, flasks and wheel- 
barrows, shell packing cases, harness, hosiery, candy, disinfectants, shells, motor- 
cycles, side cars, files, trench pumps, gas grenades, rifle grenades and hand grenades, 
tool grinders, milling machines, drill presses, soap, tanks for eagle type destroyers, 
oil tanks, welded pans, galvanized pails and ash cans, aeroplane self-starters, trunks, 
uniforms, insignia, double blocks for ships, cooking utensils, sponge cans, camp 
kettles, bake pans, field range parts, boilers, stock pots, ladles, tarpaulins, wool 
gloves, wool gauntlets, linings, gasoline mufflers, saddle leather, mackinaws, jerkins, 
aparejos, circular saws and stands, pump outfits, grinding machines, underwear, 
whips, feed bags, blankets, chairs, boxes, furnaces, sweaters, helmets and scarfs, 
harness oil, blacking, soap and dressing, manifolds, grease cups, oil cups, globe and 
angle valves, shrapnel, cinchas, sheep lined clothing, aviators winter boots and in- 
side shoes, officers' boots, feed grinders, auto truck frames and parts, mine heads, 
military goggles, electric fans, drop bombs, T. N. T., cartridge cases and tubing. 

8— GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS AWARDED TO MILWAUKEE BIDDERS 

(Through Regular Purchasing Department Schedules) 

Van Dyke Knitting Co Underwear Mechanical Appliance Co Balloon Levers 

Fried-Osterman Co Leather Mittens Kieckhefer Box Co Boxes 

Novelty Knitting Mills Cotton Undershirts Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers, 

Milwaukee Glove Co Leather Mittens two contracts 

Reinhart Glove Co Leather Mittens Geuder, Paeschke 8s Frey Co Gasoline Feed Tanks 

and Reserve Tanks 



O. C. Hansen Mfg. Co Leather Mittens 

Heller Leather Co Leather Mittens ^. , „ . „ ._ . « _ . 

„, , , »,.,. ^ T ^u xi-..^ Globe Seamless Steel Tubes Co Tubes, two contracts 

Helmholz Mitten Co Leather Mittens „ ., „ ,„ . , ' 



Milwaukee Brush Mfg. Co Brushes 



Bender Co Leather Mittens 



Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Blocks 



,. , ,TT • «-. T • !_.. i.T • t_.. iiT , Milwaukee Structiu-al Steel Co Steel for Manitowoc 

Holeproof Hosiery Co Light Weight Woolen Breakwater 



Hose 



Newport Mining Co Chemicals for Powder 



Phoenix Knitting Co Light Weight Woolen „ „ ... , 

[]Qse Kearney 06 Trecker Milling Machines 

O. C. Hansen Mfg. Co Loaders' Gloves Bayley Mfg. Co Tanks 

Cohen Bros Denim Clothing Northwestern Mfg. Co Motor Spare Parts 

Rock Washer Mfg. Co Washers Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Valves 

Federal Rubber Co Rubber Goods Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand 

Sterling Motor Truck Co Assembling Class "B" „.P° :,:";, Inkstands 

standard motor Vilter Mfg. Co Refrigerating Plant for 

trucks. Newport, R. I. 

R. Laacke Co Class "B" truck covers Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand 

Phoenix Knitting Co Light Weight Hose ^° vkedi^g^'mQ '^'' 



Cohen Bros. Co Underwear 



General Heating 8s Ventilating Co.. Fire Protection System 



Reinhardt Mitten Co Leather Mittens — Lake Denmark, N.J. 

Heller Leather Co Leather Mittens Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Metal Blocks 

Helmholz Mitten Co Leather Mittens Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Safety Valves 

Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins Roberts Brass Co Gate Valves 

B. Stem 8s Son Flour Nat'l Enameling 8s Stamping Co.. ..Can Covers 



26 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Nat'l Enameling & Stamping Co.. ..Dust Covers, $12,000 

Taylor Bt Bournique Co White Oats, $76,250 

Wisconsin Gun Co Guns and Spares, sup- 
plemental contract, 
Nov. 8, $517,805. 

Sterling Motor Car Co 37m.m. shells, $216,169 

International Harvester Co Trench Morters, 

$154,275 

Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $58,687 

Nat'l Enameling & Stamping Co. ...Steel Barrels, $23,750 

Fried-Osterman Co 14,400 pairs gauntlets, 

$22,752 

Industrial Controller Co Motor Controllers and 

Spares, $16,383 

E. L. Bruce Co Packing boxes for 

bombs, $182,000 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co 16,000 switches, 

$2.04 each 

Clum Mfg. Co Switches, $29,363 

Sterling Motor Truck Co Pedal Pads 

Wrought Washer Co Washers 

W. Toepfer 8s Sons Co Structural Framing for 

Gates 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Regulators and Start- 
ers for Heating and 
Ventilating Systems 
for U. S. Treasury 
Bldg., Annex, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Johnson Service Co Temperature Control- 
ling System for same 
building 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Malleable Iron Blocks 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Spares for Compressors 

and for Cup>ola 
Blowers 

Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Lead Melting Furnace 

Nat'l Enameling fis Stamping Co ..Boilers 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) 100,000 Metal Blocks 

Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Centrifugal Pumps 

H. W. Johns-ManvilleCo Asbestos Felted Insula- 
tions 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Malleable Blocks, 

second contract 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Brass Gauge Cocks 

International Harvester Co Tractors 

Nat'l Enameling 86 Stamping Co.. Dippers, Graters and 

Skimmers 

Mechanical Appliance Co Armatures and Spares 

Roberts Brass Co Gate Valves 

Chain Belt Co Concrete Mixers 

Western Metal Specialty Co Garbage Cans 

Great Lakes Boat Bldg. Corp 2 Submarine Chasers, 

$50,000 each 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 

Federal Rubber Co Gaskets 

Chain Belt Co Repair Parts 

Roberts Brass Co Globe Valves 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Pop Valves 

Wallace 8b Smith Co Artillery Saddles 

Federal Pressed Steel Co Cartridge Cases 

International Harvester Co Tractors 

Wallace as Smith Co Feed Bags 

Briggs Loading Co Loading, Assembling 

and Packing Rifle 
Grenades and Fuses 

Mechanical Appliance Co Motor Generator Sets 

Briggs-Stratton Co Rifle Grenades 

International Harvester Co Rifle Grenades 

Northwestern Furniture Co Frames for Aparejos 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Rifle Grenades 

H. W. Johns-Manville Co Webbing 

Federal Malleable Co Malleable Body 

Castings 
Line Material Co. (So.Milwaukee).. Fuses, Nose Block De- 
tonators 

Luther Grinder Mfg. Co Bench Grinders and 

Attachments 



Chain Belt Co Concrete Mixers 

Hoffman 8e Billings Mfg. Co Plumbers' Fittings and 

Nipples 

Hoffman 8e Billings Mfg. Co Contractors' Fittings 

Kearney 6sTrecker Co Universal Milling 

Machines 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Safety Valves 

Hoffman 8b Billings Mfg. Co Contractors' Fittings 

Chain Belt Co Kerosene Engine 

Repairs 

Western Metal Specialty Co Oil Cans 

Evinrude Motor Co Motors 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Steam Shovels 

Wisconsin Shoe Co Lumbermen's Overs 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Spares for Controllers 

Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Centrifugal Pumps and 

Spares 

Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 

David White Co., Inc Compasses 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Switches 

H. W. Johns-Manville Co Fuse Renewals 

Luther Grinder Mfg. Co Tool Grinders 

Stowell Co.(So. Milwaukee) Double Blocks 

Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Iron Washers 

Worthington Pump 8b Machinery 

Corp. (So.Milwaukee) Piston Pumps 

Mechanical Appliance Co Spares for Motors 

Wisconsin Iron 8b Wire Works Steel Wire Weaving 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Battery Switches 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Door Switches 

Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers for 

75 m.m. ammunition 
Lavo Co. of America Fibre Containers for 75 

m.m. Ammunition 

Taylor 8s Bournique White Oats, $76,250 

Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $75,000 

Rialto Elevator Co White Oats, $35,000 

Milwaukee Bag Co Burlap Sacks, $25,000 

Bernard Stem 8i Sons Flour, $43,680 

Phoenix Knitting Works Woolen Socks 

Rialto Elevator Co White Oats, $11,587 

Palmolive Co Soap, $12,300 

Pressed Steel Tank Co Steel Barrels, $161,500 

Barth Mfg. Co Lever Jacks, $6,739.15 

Bender Mfg. Co Denim Trousers, $3,800 

Western Garment Mfg. Co Denim Trousers,$l,900 

Federal Rubber Co Matting 

F. Rosenberg Elevator Co Elevator, $3,050 

Milwaukee Hosiery Co Hosiery 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Compression Bibbs 

C. H. 8b E. Mfg. Co Cross Cut Saw Rigs 

and Belting, $36,334 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Single Blocks, $113,115 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) 8-inch Double Blocks, 

$118,776 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) 6-inch Double Blocks, 

$44,620 

Industrial Controller Co Controllers and Spares, 

$16,383 

Mayhew Mfg. Co Battery Charging Sets, 

$2,000 

Milwaukee Reliance Boiler Wks... Boiler Feed Tanks 

Rockwell Mfg. Co Boxes 

A. Geo. Schultz Co Mailing Cases for 

Vaccine Tubes 

J. H. Rice 8e Friedmaim Co 18,000 Leather Jerkins 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Locomotive Trains, 

5 contracts 

Wallace 8s Smith Co Blankets, $193,360 

Allen-Bradley Co Controllers, $7,730 

Wallace 8b Smith Co Wheel Traces, $375,000 

Wallace 8b Smith Co Lead Traces, 

$1,092,500 

LogemanBros. Co Bailing Presses, 

$132,500 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



27 



Nat'l Enameling fie Stamping Co... Kettle Inserts, $22,300 
Nat'l Enameling 6b Stamping Co. ...Dust Covers, $48,000 

American Grinder Co Grinders, $11,325 

Wallace & Smith Co Parts for Aparejos, 

$6,410.38 

Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co Boilers, $54,400 

Morawetz, Co Sheep Lined Coats, 

$25,676 

Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co Boilers, $25,777 

International Malting Co White Oats, $74,500 

H. W. Johns-Manville Co Hair Felting 

Illinois Steel Co Rivets and Rods 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Sheaves 

Morawetz Co Mackinaws, $8,000 

Monarch Mfg. Co Sheep Lined Coats, 

$60,370 

U. S. Aero Propeller Co Aeroplane Propellers 

Matthews Bros. Mfg. Co Aeroplane Propellers 

Delaney OilCo Soluble Cutting Oil, 

$150,000 

Globe Wire & Iron Works Equipment 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Flat and Iron Rings 

Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers 

Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Bronze 

Ambrosia Chocolate Co Cocoa for Navy 

Western Iron Stores Co Twist Drills 

Kasnow Bros. Glove Co Gloves 

Pressed Steel Tank Co Steel Barrels, $90,000 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) 200 Army Tractors 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Gun Mounts, Artillery 

Wheels (steel) 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Gas Masks 

Nat'l Enameling 6s Stamping Co.... Booster Castings 

Milwaukee Shoe Co 15,000 pairs Metallic 

Fastened Army Shoes 

Nunn, Bush 8b Weldon Shoe Co 10,000 pairs Metallic 

Fastened Army Shoes 

Weyenberg Shoe Co 50,000 pairs Metallic 

Fastened Army Shoes 

Luther Grinder Co 500 Grinders 

Wallace 85 Smith Co Wheel Traces, $375,000 

Wallace 85 Smith Co Traces, $1,920,500 

Taylor & Bournique Co White Oats, $69,250 

R. Laacke Co Truck Covers, $19,125 

R. Laacke Co Paulins, $2,741 

Morawetz Co Mackinaws, $8,000 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Radiator Hose, 

$7,331.25 

Logeman Bros. Co Baling Presses, 

$132,500 

International Harvester Co Bodies and Troop 

Seats, $157,000 

Wallace 8b Smith Co Parts for Aparejos, 

$6,410.38 

American Grinder Co Grinders, $11,325 

Clum Mfg. Co Gun Sling Books, two 

contracts, $17,250 

Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Boilers, $54,387.74 

Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co ...Kettles, $14,800 
Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co. ...Kettles, $30,000 
Nat'l Enameling 6e Stamping Co. ...Dust Covers 

Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Boilers, $25,777.52 

Monarch Mfg. Co Mackinaws, $200,000 

Interstate Malt Co White Oats, $74,500 

American Auto Body Co Escort Wagon Bodies 

Chas. Abresch Co Escort Wagon Bodies 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Automobile Tires 

Allen-Bradley Co Rheostats 

Frank Pure Food Co Sauer Kraut 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Sheaves 

Wrought Washer Co Washers 

Claus Automatic Gas Cock Co Distributor Boxes 

Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 

Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Round Boilers 



Bernard Stem 8e Son Flour, 80,000 lbs. 

Bernard Stern 8b Son Flour, 60,000 lbs. 

Luther Grinder Mfg. Co 1,306 Grinders 

PalmoliveCo 3,000 Cakes Soap 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Locomotive Cranes 

Patton Paint Co Oxide Paint 

Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Steam 8b Water Unions 

Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Shower and Distribut- 
ing Cocks 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Brass Shower Heads 

A. H. Weinbrenner Shoe Mfg. Co.. Shoes, $161,350 

Weyenberg Shoe Mfg. Co Shoes, $322,500 

Luedke, Schaefer 6e Buttles Co Shoes, $64,500 

Ellsworth-Thayer Mfg. Co Sheep Lined Coats, 

$18,787.50 

Milwaukee Tan. 8e Cloth. Co Sheep Lined Coats, 

$22,245 

Lyman- Joseph Grain Co White Oats, $71,500 

Nunn-Bush Sb Weldon Shoe Co Shoes, $258,000 

Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 

$18,000 
Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co... Boilers, $17,940 

Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $33,625 

Bernard Stern 8b Son Flour, $5,4^0 

Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 

Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Motors 

W. Toepfer 65 Sons Co Structural Steel 

Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Washers 

Milwaukee Tack Co Tacks 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Relays and Coils for 

Fire Systems 

Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Vales, 2 contracts 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Rubber Goods, 

Panama Canal 

Milwaukee Tank Co Oil Tanks 

Newton-Coddington Eng. Co 100-ft. Boats, Two 

Steel Vessels 

Bayley Mfg. Co Ventilating Outfits, 

$18,845 

H. W. Johns-Manville Co Asbestos Goods 

Globe Seamless Steel Tube Co Steel Tubes, two 

contracts 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Steel Blocks 

Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Washers, $640, 

Panama Canal 

Industrial Heating 8b Eng. Co Repairs to Milwaukee 

Public Buildings 

Sterling Motor Truck Co Class "B" Standard 

Trucks 

Northwestern Mfg. Co Electric Motors 

Milwaukee Valve Co Brass Valves 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Rubber Goods, 

Panama Canal 

H. W. Johns-Manville Co Asbestos Goods 

Great Lakes Boat Bldg. Corp Two Submarine 

Chasers, $100,000 

Wilier Mfg. Co Window Screens 

Allen-Bradley Co Controllers for Coaling 

Gears 

Mechanical Appliance Co Electric Motors 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 

Roberts Brass Co Valves 

Chain Belt Co Repair Parts 

Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co 45 Oil Tanks, $750,000 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co 114 Rheostats, $414 

Badger Nail Co Nails 

Chain Belt Co Parts 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 

Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Washers 

Luther Grinder Mfg. Co Grinders 

Western Metal Specialty Co Oil Tanks, $2,400 

Milwaukee Stamping Co 75,000 Clips for Use on 

Binders, $4,144 



28 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Conway fls Co Ammunition Boxes for 

Browning Machine 
Guns 

Rockwell Mfg. Co Ammunition Boxes 

Claus Automatic Gas Cock Co Brass Boxes 

Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Brass Goods, $900 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Electrical Equipment, 

$10,456 

Palmolive Co Soap, $45,000 

Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 

Nordberg Mfg. Co Five Hydrogen Gas 

Compressors, 
$150,000 

O. C.Hansen Mfg. Co Gloves, $396 

Western States Envelope Co Envelopes 

Milwaukee Envelope Co Envelopes, $100,000 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Steel Tackle Blocks 

Milwaukee Brush Mfg. Co Steel Foundry Brushes 

W. Toepfer fie Sons Copper for Gun Mount 

Allen-Bradley Co Controllers 

Wisconsin Shoe Co Army Shoes 

Weyenberg Shoe Co Army Shoes 

Milwaukee Shoe Co Army Shoes 

Luedke, Schaefer & Buttles Co Army Shoes 

Bradley-Metcalf Co Army Shoes 

A. H. Weinbrenner Co Army Shoes 

Nunn-Bush fie Weldon Shoe Co Army Shoes 

F. Mayer Boot 86 Shoe Co Field and Marching 

Shoes 
MUwaukee Tank Works Tanks, $3,500 

Milwaukee Brush Mfg. Co Brushes, 

Panama Canal 

International Harvester Co Spare Parts 

Bradley & Metcalf Co 40,000 Marching Shoes, 

$238,000 

Luedke, Schaefer 85 Buttles Co Marching Shoes, 

$10,000 

Nunn-Bush 85 Weldon Shoe Co Marching Shoes,40,000 

pairs, $258,000 

A. H. Weinbrenner Co Marching Shoes, 25,000 

pairs, $161,250 

Weyenberg Shoe Co Marching Shoes, 50,000 

pairs, $322,500 

O. C. Hansen Mfg. Co Aviators' Gloves 

Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 

Mechanical Appliance Co 15 H. P. Motor 

Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co. ...Coffee Boilers, $25,320 

Donahue-Stratton Co Oats, $39,321 

A. F. Gallun 8b Sons Calf Skins, $93,000 

Wallace 8b Smith Co Blankets, $193,280 

Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 

$85,000 

Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $33,625 

Bernard Stern 8b Son Flour, $5,460 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Radiator Hose 

H. W. Johns-Manville Co Rachometer Adapters 

Lavo Company of America Soap Powder 

Kearney 8b Trecker Milling Machines 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Locomotive Cranes, 3 

contracts 

Chain Belt Co Chain Conveyors 

Wisconsin Iron 8e Wire Wks Wire Weaving, 

2 contracts 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Magnets for Cranes 

Illinois Steel Co Light Rails 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Compression Bibbs 

Patton Paint Co Asphaltum Varnish 

Patton Paint Co Paint 

Bernard Stern 8b Son 2,660,000 lbs. Flour 

Westinghouse Lamp Co Electric Lamps 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Rheostats 

Milwaukee Hosiery Co Wool Hose 

Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co. ...Pans 
Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co.... Stew Pans 
Pressed Steel Tank Co Projector Shells 



Pfister 6b Vogel Leather Co Russed Leather 

Federal Pressed Steel Co Projector Shells 

The Conway Co Armorer's Chests 

Schartow Mfg. Co Lariat Hooks, Links 

Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Hand Grenade Blocks 

The Heil Co Steel Ammunition 

Truck Bodies 

Mueller 8b Sons Co Shipping Boxes 

Allen-Bradley Co Controllers 

Zucker 8b Weinshell Wool Trousers 

Cohen Bros. Co Leather Jerkins 

Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Spare Parts for Steam 

Shovels 
Milwaukee Tan. 8b Clothing Co Leather Jerkins, 

$15,300 
Nat'l Enameling 8e Stamping Co.... Boilers 

Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Oil Cans 

Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co.. ..Coffee Boilers 

Diamond Ink Co Mucilage 

Diamond Ink Co Library Paste 

Nat'l Enameling 8e Stamping Co.... Coffee Boilers, 

4 contracts 

Mechanical Appliance Co Motors 

Milwaukee Tank Works Heaters and Tanks 

Schartow Mfg. Co Lariat Hooks, Links 

and Thimbles 

Schartow Mfg. Co Steel Rings 

Barth Mfg. Co Lever Jacks 

Western Saddlery Co Saddles 

A. O. Smith Corporation Smoke 8b Drop Bombs 

Pressed Steel Tank Co Gas Unit Steel Parts 

Milwaukee Coke 8b Gas Co Naphtha Solvent 

F. Mayer Boot 8b Shoe Co High Shoes 

Milwaukee Tank Works Tanks 

Krentler Bros Hinged Lasts 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Snatch Blocks 

W. Toepfer 8b Sons Seat Angles, Gates 

Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Centrifugal Pump 

Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Malleable Blocks, 

2 contracts 

Chain Belt Co Riveted Rex Mill Chain 

Sterling Motor Truck Co 750 "B" Truck Chasses 

Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers 

Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $36,000 

Updike Grain Co White Oats, $35,500 

Bernard Stem 8b Son Flour, $59,500 

Harley Davidson Motor Co Motorcycle Parts, 

$26,716 

Lyman- Joseph Grain Co White Oats, $35,750 

Lyman- Joseph Grain Co White Oats, $35,750 

Pressed Steel Tank Co Steel Barrels, $89,000 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Panels 

Northwestern Furniture Co Top Boot Stock Bodies 

Pfister-Vogel Leather Co Russet Bag Leather 

Newport Chemical Co Phenol 

Sterling Motor Car Co Shells 

Kieckhefer Box Co Packing Boxes 

Barth Mfg. Co Jacks 

Pressed Steel Tank Co Gas Cylinders 

Mechanical Appliance Co Motors 

Taylor-Boumique Co White Oats, $145,000 

Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $70,000 

Morawetz Co Sheep Lined Coats, 

$25,000 

Monarch Mfg. Co Mackinaws, $200,000 

Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 

$78,625 

Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 

Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Valves 

Globe Wire 8b Iron Works Wire Screens 

Bradley 8b Metcalf Co Shoes, $258,000 

Matthews Bros. Co Seaplane Pontoons, 

$9,700 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



29 



Milwaukee Tan. & Clothing Co Leather Jerkins, 

$15,300 

Nat'l Enameling & Stamping Co.. ..Boilers 

Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 

$85,000 

Gen. Heating 8s Ventilating Co Fire Protection 

Gen. Heating 8s Ventilating Co Water Mains, Phila- 
delphia, $33,257 

VJlterMfg. Co Ice Making Plant, 

$39,378 



Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand 

Co Inkstands, Postal De- 
partment, Fiscal 
Year, 1919 

Industrial Heating 8s Eng. Co Heating Mains, 

Norfolk, Va., 
$92,500 

Milwaukee Tack Co Tacks 

W. Toepfer Ss Sons Co Structural Work 

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Regulators and Start- 
ers for Heating and 
Ventilating 



In additon to the above a large number of contracts were placed with Milwaukee 
establishments by the Ordnance Bureau of the Army and Navy without direct 
advertising or the submission of schedules for general bidding. 

The same was true of the Emergency Fleet Corporation work, a number of the 
largest iron and steel plants in this city being engaged in either fabricating ship 
parts or building engines for the Emergency Fleet. Also many contracts came 
through the Quartermaster Departments for subsistence and articles needed on 
emergency orders for the Army. - 



30 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE-FIWAMCE 



C&NTRAU ORGANIXATIOM 

AND 
CO- OP&RATIMa BODIE.& 



COMMITTEE. OH 



CHAIRMAN 
Vict CHA>«MAI1 
CHR. RETAIL. TRAOtS 
CHR.JOBBERS 
CHR aRAIN TRADE. 
CHR IMSORAHCE. 
CMR RCAU ESTATE. 



STAFF . 

DIRECTOR SEC'V 

ASS'T SEC'V 

SEC'V PtTAl UTRAOtS 

SEC'V jOBBi wa 



commepwleaho finance. 



MILWAUKEE. COOMTy COUNCIL 
OP 
OE.FEHSE. 



&URE.AU&. CO MM ITT EC a 
Alto v*yOAKlM& &OD)E.*>. 



I. WAR PiMAriCE. COMMITTtE. 

f6 DIVISIONS. 34 aROOPS) 

UteERTV COAM COMMITTEE 

WAR SAVINCa COMMITTEE. 

WAR FOMO COMMITTEE 
2.flMAriCtAl- IMSTITOTIOMS 

MILWAUKEE. CUEARirta HOOSE 

CAPITAL. ISSUE=> COMMlTTCe. 

SAtSKERS AS3OCIATI0M 
3.RETAII- BOREAOj ASiOClAT»OI-« OP 

COMMERCE, 

MENS WEAR ASSOCIATION 

RETAIL. ORoaOISTS ASS'N 

RETAIL. HAROV/ARE. OEAUERS ASSN 

MOdIC OEAUER.S ASSN . 

DEPARTMENT STORE. COMMITTEE 

SHOE. OEAL.ERS 

RETAIL- UIOUOR OEAL.ERS 

SPECIAL. COMtvllTXE-E. 
H-.TOBBERS BOREAO, ASSOCIATION OP 
COMMERCE. 

PL.OOR HARDWARE. 

ORVCOOOS IRON STORt«» 

OROGai£>T-& HOSPITAl- SOPPl-V 

5.MIL.WAUKEE REAU ESTATE. BOARD 
fe.lNSORANCE COMMITTEE. 

BOARD OF FIRE OHDERWPMTERS 

INSPECTION BORE.AO 

UIFE INSORANCE. BOARD 
7.Mll.WAOKe.E AOTO DEALERS ASSN 

GARAGi&MEN'A ASS'N 

TIRE OEAL.E.RS ASSN 

TAXI CABSjaiTNE-Y AS^N 
6.CHAMBER. OF COMMERCE. 
©.COMMITTEE. COMMERCIAL. SERVICE. 
lOJONK DEALERS ( SALVAGE ASS-M ) 
II.LAOMORYMEN'S ASSM 
la THEATER. ASSN, MOVING PICTURE. 

ASSOCIATION 
13. ASSOCIATION OP COMMERCE. 
l«*.TeOTONCA AVE., GROVE ST ..MITCHELL 
ST. MERCHANTS ASSOCIATION 
BAY VI EV/ ASSN SO MILWAUKEE. 
WEST ALLIS 

15.NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE 



7, 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 31 

Department of Commerce and Finance 



COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE AND FINANCE 


Walter Kasten, Representing Finance, 


H. W. Ladish, Representing Chamber of 


Chairman 


Commerce 


Albert Friedmann, Representing Com- 


Wm. Coleman, Representing Labor 


merce, Vice-Chairman 


Dr. Nelson P. Hulst, Representing the 


Frank Klode, Representing Retail 


Professions 


Business 


E. O. Marthens, Representing Insurance 


J. G. Kissinger, Representing Wholesalers 


Interests 


and Jobbers 


D. W. Weiss, Representing Real Estate 


R. B. Brown, Representing Public 


Board 


Utilities 


R. J. Willetts, Secretary 


Wm. Thomson, Assistant Secretary 



PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 

The Committee on Commerce and Finance was organized as an advisory body 
which would be subject to call ifi an emergency. It represented organized com- 
mercial interests of Milwaukee. The active work was directed by the chairman 
and vice-chairman, serving on the Executive Committee of the Council of Defense, 
and by the staff. The fact that the war did not go far enough to necessitate drastic 
action with regard to the commercial industries released the committee of any 
especially difficult task. Valuable gains, however, have been made in various lines 
through the institution of commercial economies and savings in the cost of dis- 
tribution. 

The Department of Commerce and Finance worked almost entirely by existing 
organizations, co-operating to carry on the plan of conservation of man power, 
transportation, and materials. All problems affecting retail trade were handled by 
the Retail Division of the Association of Commerce and the special associations 
co-operating with it. Those problems dealing with wholesalers were handled by 
the Wholesale Division of the Association of Commerce. Traffic problems were 
handled by the transportation bureaus of the Association of Commerce and the 
Chamber of Commerce. Various other associations were called on to carry out in 
entirety or in part various programs of conservation. 

I— COMMERCIAL ECONOMY 
(a) — Deliveries 

Co-operating with the retail division of the Milwaukee Association of Commerce, 
this department in the fall of 1917, inaugurated a successful campaign for the elimi- 
nation of waste in connection with the delivery of merchandise. At the request of 
the Council of Defense, nearly all of the city's leading retail merchants signed a 
pledge agreeing to limit their deliveries to not more than two per day over a given 
territory and to also comply with a set of rules relating to the carrying of parcels 
and the return of merchandise. Most of the large stores were able to affect im- 
mediately a considerable reduction in man power employed, thus releasing a number 
of men for essential work or for military service. Merchants also reported that they 
were able to offer the public better prices on many commodities as a result of the 
economy brought about by the new rules. So successful was this movement that 
local merchants, during the summer of 1918, readily agreed to further reduce de- 
liveries to one per day. 

After the second reform went into effect merchants reported that they had been 
able to reduce the number of people employed in connection with their delivery 
systems from twenty-five to fifty per cent. A similar saving was reported in de- 
livery equipment. 

The Association of Commerce and the merchants themselves paid for most of 
the literature necessary to advertise these economy movements. Posters urging 



32 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



public co-operation were placed in downtown stores and circulars were distributed 
by merchants among their customers. 

(b) — Groceries and Meat Markets 

After the plan had proved successful in connection with retail stores generally, 
the movement for the elimination of unnecessary deliveries was extended to cover 
groceries and meat markets. These dealers pledged themselves also to one de- 
livery per day with successful results. 

(c) — Early Closing 

The request from the War Economy Board of the Council of National Defense 
for the early closing of retail stores, except those dealing in food stuffs, drugs, con- 
fectioneries and cigars, on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday evenings of each 
week, was carried into effect with the assistance of the retail division of the As- 
sociation of Commerce. At least seventy per cent of the retail merchants of Mil- 
waukee complied with this request, resulting in a considerable saving of light and 
fuel. 

The Milwaukee Barbers' Association later joined this movement and most of the 
barber shops began closing at 7 instead of 8. Many barbers also agreed to a plan 
under which employees could be released part time for more essential work. 

(d) — Paper Conservation 

The co-operation of the retail division of the Association of Commerce was 
obtained in connection with a campaign for paper conservation. Dealers pledged 
themselves to co-operate in the conservation of waste paper, the elimination of the 
use of wrapping paper and tissue paper, wherever possible, and curtailment of the 
use of paste board boxes and the conservation of office stationery. Signs were 
displayed urging purchasers to carry parcels unwrapped wherever possible. A 
similar campaign was conducted to eliminate the waste of paper, soap and food 
stuffs in connection with Haloween celebrations. The paper saving campaign was 
carried into public schools and school officials co-operated in this work with splendid 
results. 

2— MAN POWER CONSERVATION 

As a means of aiding the selective draft system a movement was started for the 
substitution of women in non-essential positions. This movement resulted in the 
release of a large number of men either for military service or for some essential 
industrial service. 

Furniture dealers agreed to do away with porters, dusters and other non-essential 
employees and arranged to have their salesmen do such work during spare moments. 

Cash purchases were encouraged in view of reducing the number of clerks and 
collectors in retail business. 

Most of the theatres in the city agreed to reduce the size of their orchestras and 
at least fifty-four men were released for essential industries through this plan. 

3— EARLY CHRISTMAS SHOPPING 

This department worked with the retail division of the Association of Commerce 
for the past several months in promoting a campaign to encourage early Christmas 
shopping. Merchants complied with the Council's request to avoid, so far as pos- 
sible, the employment of additional help by distributing their Christmas campaign 
over the months of October, November and December. The Association of Com- 
merce paid for all necessary literature in the promotion of this campaign. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 33 



4— TRANS POR TA TION 



TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE 

Frank Barry, Chairman J. G. Kissinger 

P. C. Eldredge F. C. Bryan 

Chas. Thompson Frank C. Klode 

A. Teller R. J. Willetts, Secretary 



Early in 1917 this department inaugurated a campaign to eliminate transporta- 
tion waste and to enlarge and extend transportation facilities. A special committee 
was appointed to handle this movement. 

(a) — Railroads 

The railroad companies responded to a request to speed up the movement of 
freight cars in the switch yards, and shippers responded promptly to a demand for 
greater speed in loading and unloading cars. Shippers also complied with a re- 
quest for the heavier loading of all freight cars. Many cars were loaded to 10 per 
cent above their capacity. The railroads also permitted their freight depots to 
remain open for longer hours in order to speed up deliveries. Factories enlarged 
side track facilities wherever possible. The committee co-operated with the local 
committee of the National Council of Defense in making a daily check of freight 
cars in Milwaukee's switch yards. 

(6) — Interurban Lines 

The transportation section started a movement, shortly after war was declared, 
to inaugurate package freight service on interurban lines operating out of Mil- 
waukee and was able to report by June of 1918, that every interurban line was 
carrying this sort of freight. This service greatly relieved over-burdened transporta- 
tion facilities and was of considerable aid to Milwaukee merchants. This form of 
service was also used to some extent in bringing food produce into Milwaukee. 
The Waukesha County Council of Defense and the Racine County Council of De- 
fense, as well as the State Council of Defense, co-operated in bringing about results 
in this movement. 

(c) — Boat Lines 

Lake transportation companies also responded to the Defense Council's cam- 
paign for the conservation of transportation facilities by arranging for capacity 
loads on lake boats. 

5— RETURN LOADS BUREAU 

A Return Loads Bureau was organized several months ago with a view of re- 
lieving the congestion on railroads and interurban lines by inaugurating auto truck 
service for short hauls. This bureau solicited the aid of auto truck salesmen and 
delivery companies in forming a list of truck owners available for delivery work. 
In addition to the list of available trucks the bureau also compiled a list of firms 
willing to make use of this service. The co-operation of county councils of defense 
in five adjoining counties was obtained and representatives were named in surround- 
ing towns and cities to keep the bureau informed of the demands for such service. 

Trucks leaving Milwaukee for adjoining towns with merchandise were given the 
names and addresses of these representatives so that when arriving at their destina- 
tions they were able to obtain a load for the return trip to Milwaukee. This plan 
not only promoted quicker and more prompt delivery, but reduced the cost to ship- 
pers, both in Milwaukee and in the adjoining cities and towns. Auto truck service 
was inaugurated between Milwaukee and Waukesha, Oconomowoc, Grafton, 
Menomonee Falls, Pt. Washington, Racine and Chicago. 

6— AUTOMOBILE ECONOMIES 

This department organized the automobile dealers of Milwaukee for the purpose 
of effecting economies in the automobile trade. In this connection the dealers 



34 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

lined up with a national movement under which a general rule was adopted for the 
closing at 6 P. M. daily and on Sundays and holidays of all auto repair shops, 
garages, tire and accessory stores, except a few in various sections of the city 
which were designated as emergency stations. This movement brought about a 
considerable saving in man power and resulted in a general drive on the part of 
automobile men for economy. 

7— EXPLOSIVES COMMITTEE 

This department aided the County Explosives Committee in its task of regulat- 
ing the storage and sale of explosives. This work was carried out under direct 
orders of the Federal Government, the assistant secretary of the department acting 
as secretary of the County Explosives Committee. Explosive regulations have been 
dropped since the armistice was signed. Complete control was kept throughout 
the past six months of the sale and storage of explosives. 

8— NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE 



COMMITTEE ON NON-WAR CONSTRUCT/ON 

C. C. Jacobus, Chairman A. C. Downing 

Wm. Eichfeld Wm. Thompson, Secretary 



The County Council of Defense early in September, 1918, appointed C. C. Jacob- 
us, Wm. Eichfeld and A. C. Downing as members of the Non-War Construction 
Committee. This committee was organized at the request of the government to 
conserve man power, material and transportation supplies by eliminating construc- 
tion not essential to the maintenance of the public interest. 

The government's requests were strictly adhered to. The Milwaukee Com- 
mittee did not have a single one of its rulings reversed. Contractors, builders, 
architects, and owners co-operated splendidly. The committee met daily at noon 
for six weeks at the Builders and Traders Exchange, making it possible for all build- 
ers desiring a hearing, to appear before the committee to get their particular diffi- 
culties straightened out, without loss of working time. The committee acted on 
about 1,000 building applications, including a number from the city and county 
of Milwaukee. Plans for construction valued at more than $5,000,000 were re- 
viewed. In a great many instances, the patriotism of the applicants was such that 
they withdrew their application without action when the purpose of the restriction 
had been explained. As soon as the ban was lifted, the committee followed up the 
restricted work to see that it was properly authorized to proceed. 

9— JOBBERS' DELIVERY RULES 

At the request of the Council of Defense the Jobbers' Bureau of the Milwaukee 
Association of Commerce prepared a series of rules and regulations regarding the 
delivery of material from jobbers' places to retailers. These rules were as follows: 

"Every consistent effort shall be made by both those delivering and those re- 
ceiving goods to conserve in the fullest possible measure the time of men, motor 
trucks and teams. 

"Jobbers and wholesalers shall deliver goods of any nature only to the main or 
delivery floor of the retailer's place of business. Ordinarily this shall mean the 
first floor. 

"Drivers or others making deliveries for jobbers or wholesalers shall not place 
goods upon shelving, nor shall they be required to move standing stock, nor clear 
floor spaces to make room for incoming deliveries. 

"Those receiving goods shall promptly sign necessary receipts or documents to 
avoid unnecessary detaining of men, trucks and teams." 

Slight modifications were necessary in the case of the smaller bakers who did 
not have the necessary facilities for immediately taking care of loads of flour and 
moving them to the upper storage rooms. Had the war continued for a longer period, 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



35 



this campaign would have resulted in a large saving of time and man power. The 
results were well worth while as it was. 

10— FIRE LOSS CAMPAIGN 

A special committee, consisting of Chief Clancy, of the Fire Department, 
together with representatives of the leading fire underwriters of Milwaukee, met 
regularly and sent out publicity, dodgers, etc., to awaken the people to the necessity 
of greater care in the prevention of fire losses during the war-time when conserva- 
tion of materials and resources was extremely necessary. 



11— COUNTY EXPLOSIVES COMMITTEE 



COMMITTEE ON 
COUNTY EXPLOSIVES 

F. W. Rogers, Chairman 
Wm. Thompson, Secretary 



This committee acted as the agent of the Federal Government in controlling 
the sale and storage of explosives. Several thefts of explosives were followed up 
and stringent rules regarding the handling of dynamite and other explosives enforced. 



36 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



DCMRTMEHTOP PUBLIC AFFAIRS 



BUREAUS, COMMITTEES 
AND WORKINQ, BOOIE."). 



C E.NTRAI- ORGANIZATION 

AHD 
CO-OPEPATINa eODlCSb 



COMMITTEE ON 




CHAIRMAN 
WOM EM:5 CH Al RM Ati 
CMR. EDOCAXION 
CHR.AMERICAHIZATIOM 
CHR. MIL.AFFAIR.^ 
CHR. RED CR02>"> 
CHR. LOYALTY LEGION 
CHR. 01S.T.COor<ClLt> 
SPEC. REPRESENTATIVES 


ST/! 

DIRECTC 

Aa.i>'T ; 

5EC Y PA- 

sec-v E 

SECY M 

secYwo 

3EC-YAr- 


^FF 

>R. SEC-y 

SEC'V 

rR 5ERV. 

StICATIOM 

11. affair; 

r-lEHS BUR 

ERICAH- 
riOM • 


POBUIC AFFAIP 


t3 





MILWAUKEE COOHTV COOHCIL. 
OF 
DEFEMSE.. 



K PATRIOTIC SERVICE. 
MILWAUKEE CHAPTER RED CRO&2> . 
AUXILIARIES ETC. 
LOYAUTY LEG.lOri 

MILV/AOKEE ASSN OF COMMERCE 
ALLIANCE. LABOR AMD DEMOCRACY 

CITY CLOB OF mii-v/auk;ee_ 

FRATERNAL. SOClETIE.£> 
ROTARV CLOB, KIWANIS CLUB 
NATIONALIST SOCIETIES 

POLISH , BOHEMIAN, ETC 
OTHER CIVIC SOCIETIES 
FLAa DISPLAY, SAME. FOORTM COM- 

MISSIOM 
2. EDUCATION COMMlTTtE. 

PUBLIC SCHOOUSj 

CONXINUATIOM SCHOOLS 

PAROCHIAL AND PRIVATE. SCHOOL^ 

MAROOETTE UNIVERSITY 

SCHOOL OF EN<*INE,ERlNa 

HORMAU SCHOOU 

M I LW AU K EE - OO w N ER. 

OlSlveRSITY EXTEMSION 

3. americahi-eatiom committke. 

-il.nlLITARY AFFAIRS COMMITTEE. 

DISTRICT SELECTIVE SERVICE BOARD 
4MEDICAL ADVISORY BOARDS 

CENTRAL DRAFT BOARD 

17 LOCAL BOARDS 

O.S.NAVy RECRUlTlNGi STATION 

O.S.ARMY RECROITIMG, STATION 

O. S. MARINE CORPS RECROITINGi STATION 

MILITARY TRAINING CAMP ASSH 

S&ECIAU RECRUITIMa MISSIONS 

• NTELLiaENCt OFP/CES-ARMYf NAVY 
S.MILITARY EXTENSION COMMlTTRE. 

REO CROSS CANTEEN COMMITTEE. 

RED CROSS HOME SERV.SECTIOW 

PUBLIC LIBRARY 

Y.M.C.A ., K. OF. C 
5. WAH CAMP COMMUNITY SERVICE. AND 

CO-OPERATiriC BOO1E.S E.TERTA>mH<i 

SERVICE MEN 
6. WOMEN 3 ADVISORY COMMITTE.E. 

REO CROSS 
NATIONAL UEAGOE FOR WONENS SERVICE 

WOMEN'S CUOBS 

DISTRICT CO<jNCILS OP DEFENSE. 
7. CHURCHES, FEDERATIONS Ar»0 

ASSOCIATIONS 
a DISTRICT COUNCILS OP DEFENSE 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 37 

Department of Public Affairs 



COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS 


Wheeler P. Bloodgood, Chairman 


H. C. Campbell, City Club 


J. S. Smith, Chr. Military Affairs 


George French, District Councils 


Louis M. Kotecki, Polish Societies 


C. L. Newberry, War Camp Com. Service 


M. C. Potter, Public Schools 


H. A. Wagner, Loyalty Legion 


C. J. Kallmeyer, A. P. L. 


Mrs. A. M. Simons, Americanization 


B. F. Fueger, Rotary Club 


Rev. C. H. Beale, Fed. of Churches 


E. A. Marthens, Kiwanis Club 


Mrs. J. W. Mariner, Women's Ed. Com. 


F. C. Morehouse, Red Cross 


Rev. H. C. Noonan, Marquette 


C. G. Pearse, Chr. Ed. Committee 


Bert F. Zinn, Secretary 



PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 

Since its formation, this department has been the public service branch of the 
Council, concerning itself with all matters aimed at strengthening the morale of the 
home line of defense and, by educational publicity methods, preparing the people 
of the county for the requests of the government in the successful conduct of the war. 
The latter included the Liberty Loan and Thrift campaigns, food and fuel regula- 
tions, compliance with the draft arrangements, relief for war sufferers at home and 
abroad and related subjects, no matter by whom initiated, so long as it was for a 
worthy aim and for the furtherance of the general war program. 

1— GENERAL 
(a) — Use of Existing Agencies 

So that there might be no lost motion, the help of existing agencies was in- 
voked for all governmental work. Everywhere there was a ready response to re- 
quests to hang posters and distribute information circulars. Factories and plants, 
department stores, barber shops and other business places joined in this effort, as 
well as clubs and fraternal organizations, schools and colleges, churches through 
pulpit announcements and otherwise, public buildings (city, county, and federal) 
and many others, 

(6) — Distribution 

A house-to-house distribution, and distribution to special classes of persons, 
business places or institutions, as requested by federal war-time establishments, was 
arranged through the police department, health department inspectors, city and 
county schools, fire department, sheriff's force, department store delivery systems 
and otherwise. 

(c) — Billboards 

This department secured the donations of billboards and their free maintenance 
for the duration of the war at Courthouse Square, at the Post Office and in front of 
the Public Library, and the use of the big sign on the Oneida Street power station 
of the Electric Co., and of the electric sign on the front of the city hall, all for the 
Hoover food administration. The department assisted in making arrangements 
for others. 

(J) — Public Meetings 

Numerous public meetings were held. To illustrate: Last winter a University 
of Wisconsin heating expert was presented in a series of meetings in various halls of 
the city and in the high schools. 

(e) — Military Registration 



CENTRAL REGISTRATION COMMITTEE 

A. J. Lindemann, Chairman Cornelius Corcoran 

James Drought Geo. Gabel Chas. Whitnall 



38 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

This department headed up the three registrations during 1918 — June 5, August 
24 and September 12 — collecting the figures from the various boards and rushing 
them to Madison and thus helping Wisconsin to achieve its splendid record for being 
first among the states of the Union in reporting to the Federal draft administration. 

2— DISTRICT AND WARD ORGANIZATIONS 

To accomplish the mobilization of the city and county of Milwaukee for war- 
time service, branch Defense Councils for men and women were organized in the 
twenty-five wards of the city and in fifteen districts throughout the county. The 
organizations were carried down to precinct and block captains for effective work. 

(a) — Women's District Organizations 

A special and separate report of the work done by the Women's Organizations 
follows this section of this report. 

(b) — Men's District Organizations 

MEN'S DISTRICT COUNCILS 

Geo. C. French General Chairman 

T. W. Dunbar General Secretary 

Ward Chairman Secretary 

1 Jas. B. Blake K. K. Kennan 

2 Frank J. Kusta W. L. Schoeverling 

3 Max Gessler Arthur E. Borman 

4 A. P. Cutting Matthew Wadleigh 

5 John S. Kaney Chester D. Raney 

6 Geo. J. Hermann John McCrory 

7 Aug. C. Schmidt W. H. Goedtke 

8 J- P- Michalski Sigmund Sikorski 

9 ...Fred J. Grundmann Frank Hermes 

10 Ed. Callaway G. A. Karsten 

11 R. J. Talsky Alex F. Reinemann 

12 Geo. Czerwinski Julius Jensen 

13 A. W. Scheer Fred Mendelson 

14 Jos. Bednarek Peter P. Kiminski 

15 Dr. J. J. McGovern Eugene P. Lecher 

16 Judge E. T. Fairchild Henry C. McDermott 

17 W. J. Kidnay C. D. Westwood 

18 Paul Durant Perry J. Stearns 

19 Wm. Esser A. C. Pleyte, Jr. 

20 M. G. Peters Jas. C. Roache 

21 Emil G. Rahr Alf. S. Gormley 

22 Geo. J. Balzer H. J. Ackermann 

23 M. J. Shenners 

24 Wm. Pieplow Frank Kroening 

25 Norville Barkdoll E. C. Kuenzel 

Shorewood M. H. Grossman T. B. Olson 

Whitefish Bay Edw. Deschamps Wm. A. Klatte 

Township of Granville Jos. E. Fischer 

Township of Wauwatosa. E. S. Robbins 

Village of Wauwatosa Hans A. Koenig 

Shortly after the organization of the County Council of Defense the need was 
felt for branch organizations in the various city wards and in the other cities, towns, 
and villages of the county to act as agents of the central organization. Accordingly 
a meeting was held in the mayor's office of representatives from these districts. 
These delegates agreed to take up the work of effecting branch organizations and 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 39 



in a short time the council had representatives in every city ward and in every im- 
portant city, town or village in the county upon whom it could call for aid in 
carrying out its program of mobilizing the district for war-time service. 

These branch councils, consisting of a few active workers, were able to take care 
of the council's activities until the Second Liberty Loan was announced. At that 
time the Defense Council was asked to conduct a house-to-house canvas for the sale 
of Liberty Bonds. This necessitated much larger organizations in each district, 
particularly in the twenty-five wards of the city of Milwaukee. A special drive was 
made at once to enlist the services of men willing to attempt this and other work for 
the council. Hundreds of workers were enrolled in each district and so organized 
that there was one or more workers available for each city block. These men 
worked under the direction of precinct chairmen and block captains. Each dis- 
trict council elected officers and in many districts regular meetings were held. 
Special programs were frequently arranged at which these workers discussed war- 
time problems. 

On November 1, 1918, every city ward was thoroughly organized, with George 
C. French as chairman of the entire organization. A total of over 3,000 men were 
enrolled as members of the various district councils. Following is a brief summary 
of the activities of the Men's District Organization : 

/ — Worked jointly with the women's organizations in securing subscriptions of 
$1,074,550 during the Second Liberty Loan campaign. 

2 — Worked jointly with the women's organization in securing 15,427 member- 
ships during the Red Cross Membership drive. 

3 — Worked jointly with the women's organization in securing subscriptions of 
$1,353,450 during the Third Liberty Loan. 

4 — Helped the women workers raise $1,084,850 in the Fourth Liberty Loan. 

S — Collected, jointly with the women workers, $87,138.42 for the Second Red 
Cross war fund. 

6 — Collected, aided by the women, over $82,000 in the Heap the Hat Campaign. 

7 — Obtained 1,000 orders during the Council's potato sale campaign. 

8 — Carried out war garden campaign. 

9 — Took care of scores of minor activities in connection with the mobilization 
of the military forces. 

3— MILITARY AFFAIRS 



MILITAR Y AFFAIRS 


COMMITTEE 


Jos. S. Smith, Chairman 


Jos. M. HoUitz 


Dr. J. B. Modesitt 


Jos. Zens 


Alfred Reeke 


Mrs. Henry Sullivan 


Jackson B. Kemper 


Mrs. Geo. Lines 


W. L. Davidson 


Wm. Kaumheimer 


Chas. E. McLenegan 


Roland F. Coerper 


Ray Smith 


Col. H. H. Seaman 


Carl P. McAssey 


Mrs. Louis Auer 


Arthur Davidson 


Walter Distelhorst, Secretary 



The work of this bureau and committee began with the calling of the first drafts 
of Milwaukee selectmen and has been carried out along three general lines : 

(a) — Mobilization and entrainment of the men themselves. 

(6) — Maintaining their morale by keeping them in touch with home folks. 

(c) — Directing soldiers' and sailors' families to relief agencies and helping them 
with legal advice, locating missing boys and whatever else might be necessary. 
(This latter work has during the past few months required practically the full time 
of an assistant, and much of the time of the secretary himself.) 

For the maintenance of this work pledges of $5 per month for a year (beginning 
June 1, 1918) were obtained from Milwaukee business men. Some were paid up in 
full at the outset, but ninety-seven ran from month to month, making an income 



40 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

of $485 a month. The pledge campaign was discontinued early this summer, 
so as not to interfere with the "War Chest" campaign which, however, was deferred 
until the month of November. Otherwise, the Military Affairs Committee believes, 
this effort would have been entirely self-sustaining. Nearly $3,000 was collected 
by the committee when it was first started, to pay for its work, and $2,000 was 
raised last February at a concert given by the Great Lakes band. 

Eighteen members comprised this committee, representing practically all agen- 
cies doing work for men in service. They covered Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., K. of C, 
Legal Advisory Board, Wisconsin State Guard, National League for Women's 
Service, Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Committee, American Library 
Association, Boy Scouts, Rotary Club and business men. The committee's service 
to the community includes: 

(a) — Farewells for Soldiers 

Planning details of entrainment of every quota of selectmen sent from Mil- 
waukee and bringing about the co-operation of the seventeen draft boards, the Red 
Cross, The National League for Women's Service work, the police, railroad officials, 
Y. M. C. A. and K. of C. in this work. 

A "send-off" for every group of selectmen in the form of a band at the station. 
Twenty-two bands were provided during one week last July. 

Farewell entertainments included: 

/ — Three big banquets at Auditorium for 2,500 selectmen, and two luncheons 
for 700 and 800 navy recruits. 

2 — Two big military balls at Auditorium, each attended by more than 6,000 
persons — selectmen and their families. 

3 — One band concert at Juneau Park and one big parade. 

4 — About a dozen theater parties at various houses in the city, some of them 
taking up the entire theater. 

5 — Comfort of boys on trains ministered to by seeing that conveniences were 
provided enroute. 

(b)— Soldier Pals 

Providing soldier pals (nearly 2,000, corresponding with one or more boys) 
who wrote to those in France and in camp, sent them papers, tobacco and other 
gifts and visited families to see that all was well with them, and maintaining a file 
of those leaving the county for all branches of the service. This file was available 
for all worthy causes. It was used for: 

/ — Mailing our invitations for the service flag pageant in the Fourth Liberty 
Loan. 

2 — For various ward service flag and service board movements. 

3 — State Historical Society data for Milwaukee County. 

4 — Casualty list, now with about 300 names of dead. 

Gold star service certificates were sent to the families of boys who died in the 
war in the form of a beautiful tribute designed for framing. 

(c) — Service in Camps and Abroad 

Following the boys to camps and to France with helpful service, as: 

/ — Sending daily papers to camps and to France at a cost of over $90 a month, 
until orders were cancelled on cessation of hostilities. 

2 — Booking volunteer entertainers twice a week to appear at Great Lakes Naval 
Station in tv/o Y. M. C. A. huts. Except for the summer vacation season, this 
work was carried on without interruption after April 1, 1918. 

3 — Congratulating by mail Milwaukee boys as they won commissions. A 
letter of congratulation was written to families when Milwaukee boys were 
cited for distinguished service. 

4— Loaning boys winning commissions sums up to $400 for six months without 
interest, for the purchased officer's outfit. Over $6,000 was made available by the 
Rotary Club. The fund is held by the Second Ward Savings Bank. Twenty- 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 41 

three loans are out, amounting to $6,450. Payments already returned reach 
$3,297.80. 

5 — Helping families of boys who died in camp during influenza epidemic, to have 
bodies returned and military funerals arranged with the aid of the State Guard. 

(d)—Aid to Draft Boards 

This includes: 

/ — Securing typists and clerical workers for emergencies. 

2 — Securing doctors for physical examinations here and elsewhere. During the 
first influenza epidemic nine doctors were sent one Sunday to Port Washington at 
the request of the Governor to examine 200 men. 

3 — Obtaining loans of typewriters, stoves, furniture, etc., and arranging for 
quarters in some instances. 

4 — On instruction of the State Draft Administration, paying hospital bills for 
registrants in deferred remediable group. Twenty-four operations were performed 
free by Milwaukee surgeons, hospitals offering a flat rate of $25 and $30 for two 
weeks' stay. More than 100 applications were received. 

5 — Meetings were held in several halls this summer to give a quota of 3,000 select- 
men instruction in the things they ought to know to become good soldiers. This 
was followed by the organization of boards of instruction, one with each draft 
board, the secretary of the Military Aifairs Bureau serving as secretary. Legal 
advice booklets, prepared by the Free Legal Aid Society and the Legal Advisory 
Board, were printed and distributed to the departing boys. Steps to be taken on 
allotments, allowances, insurance, etc., were explained. The instruction given by 
the boards on the matter of disease was exceptionally valuable and met with warm 
commendation from the draft boards. 

(e) — Aid for Families of Soldiers 

Scores of soldiers' families applied daily at the Military Affairs Bureau for advice 
and assistance. Cases which could not be handled by the bureau were referred to 
the Legal Aid Society, the Legal Advisory Board, the Red Cross and such other 
organizations as exist to handle their particular problems. In many cases, the 
bureau appealed in their behalf directly to the Washington authorities in France. 

/ — Missing boys were located. 

2 — Extent of wounds ascertained. 

3 — Assistance given on allotments, allowances, insurances, etc. 

4 — Releases from service. 

5 — Extension of furloughs were obtained. 

Among the emergencies met by the bureau was paying the Auditorium's bill 
of $200 for housing the eighty South Carolina boys of the 105th Supply Train early 
last spring. 

(/) — Typical Cases Handled 

1 — The district attorney sent to the bureau a Polish woman, mother of six 
children, whose husband had enlisted, at Chicago, in the Polish Army of France. 
She had obtained his discharge when he enlisted here. The Military Affairs 
secretary, by long distance, secured his discharge in Chicago. He was sent back 
home and placed on probation, thus being held to support his family. 

2 — The body of a Milwaukee boy arrived from Camp Lewis, state of Washington, 
it was shipped as baggage, being accompanied by a sergeant whose home was in 
Illinois. He turned the body over to the baggage man and left for a visit home on 
the first train, leaving the undertaker to obtain the body from the baggage man. 
There were no burial papers, so the grave remained open for several days. The 
sergeant had mailed the papers from his home but they were lost. The military 
bureau prevailed upon the cemetery trustees to permit the burial and wait for the 
necessary duplicates. 

3 — The district attorney sent to this bureau two business men who had cashed 
worthless checks for a man in uniform. Checks and protests from a Michigan bank 



42 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

were turned over to the Army Intelligence Department. Subsequently this bureau 
arranged for the serving of subpoenas on those who cashed these checks to attend 
the court martial at Fort Sheridan. 

4 — In several cases loans were made to soldiers home on leave to permit them to 
get back to camp before their time expired. A small sum ($30) is still outstanding 
on such accounts, owing to the subsequent transfer of these men to France. 

5 — The signing of the armistice on Nov. 11, caused the cancellation of calls for 
3,000 men that week. An emergency was caused by the fact that 250 men of the 
first quota left the city at 7:30 A. M. on Nov. 11, before notice of the cancellation 
was received. This group was intercepted at Evanston, 111., and sent back, reach- 
ing here at 2 P. M., without lunch and with only an early breakfast before leaving 
home. They joined in the parading on the streets, shouting that they were hungry. 
Members of the Military Affairs Committee found them and sent them to the Pfister 
for lunch. The hotel had prepared a lunch for selectmen passing through here and, 
as that call had also been cancelled, the governmental requisitions for meals were 
applied for this purpose. The committee's band, already at the depot for another 
cancelled call, was withdrawn and taken to the Pfister to give a concert while the 
boys ate. At 5 P. M. the group was demobilized from the service of the United 
States 

4— AMERICANIZATION 





AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE 


Mrs. 


May Wood Simons, 


Chairman 






Rev. Jas. D. Foley 


Wheeler P. Bloodgood 








Fred H. French 


Geo. 


A. Chamberlain 








Rabbi Samuel Hirshberg 


Geo. 


Kent 








Miss Mina Kerr 


Chas 


. McLenegan 








Mrs. Chas. Morris 


H. L 


. Nunn 








C. G. Pearse 


M. C 


. Potter 








J. H. Puelicher 


Rev. 


Theo. M. Shipherd 








Willet Spooner 






H. L. 


Merkel, 


Secretary 





The war emergency was responsible for putting under way this work, due to the 
large number of those under the selective service law unable to speak English. 
Although night schools have for years been conducted in Milwaukee, large employers 
of labor hardly realized the need for this effort until the Americanization Com- 
mittee began its survey of the local field. Since that time educational work has been 
in progress and employers and school authorities have sought to meet the problem 
of the extension of training in English and citizenship. What the committee did : 

(a) — Work of the Sub-Committees 

Twenty-four sub-committees have been appointed and one hundred seventy- 
five active workers enlisted in the Americanization work. 

/ — The Industrial Committee, representing eight manufacturing plants, has 
brought the importance of the Americanization work to the attention of a large 
number of employers. 

2 — The Legislative Committee has presented to the Americanization workers 
all state and federal legislation bearing on the education of the foreign born. 

3 — The Woman's Club has organized twelve classes for foreign bom women in 
English, citizenship, sanitation and care of children. 

4 — The Foreign Language Committee made an extended survey of the teaching 
of foreign language in public and parochial schools. 

5 — Committees appointed among the foreign born have co-operated in urging 
attendance at the night schools and organized classes among their own nationality 
for English and citizenship. 

6 — The Speakers' Committee has organized a group of lectures on Americaniza- 
tion and filled all requests for the same. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 43 

7 — The Local Advisory Committee has given information concerning citizen- 
ship papers to those asking aid and directed applicants to proper authorities. 

(6) — Classes 

With the co-operation of the Health Department, nine classes were organized 
in lodging houses for the teaching of English and citizenship. Twelve groups of 
women have been organized for the teaching of English, care of children, citizenship 
and sanitation. Twelve classes have been started in other places such as churches 
and clubs for the teaching of English and citizenship. 

(c) — Conferences and Lectures 

1 — A series of five lecture conferences was given in co-operation with the Ex- 
tension Department of the University of Wisconsin for the Americanization of 
workers. The entire expense of these conferences was met by the University 
of Wisconsin. 

2 — A conference of ten sessions, in co-operation with the Woman's Club of 
Wisconsin, was held. Lecturers of national prominence were secured for this 
conference. The larger part of the expense for this conference was met by the 
Woman's Club of Wisconsin. 

2 — One hundred twenty-three lectures have been given before clubs, schools 
and churches on the importance of Americanization. 

{d) — Surveys 

1 — A survey of the foreign born employees of the various manufacturing plants 
of Milwaukee was prepared in co-operation with the employers of the city. 

2 — A survey of the location of the foreign born population of Milwaukee has 
been prepared and a map indicating these locations made in co-operation with the 
Woman's Club of Wisconsin. 

(e) — Co-Operation with the Extension Department of the Public 

Schools 

A request was made by the Committee of the Extension Department that the 
teachers conducting classes in factories and other places be paid from the school 
fund. This was passed upon favorably by the school board. The committee has 
organized classes in clubs, churches and various other places and turned them over 
to the Extension Department. 

(f) — Co-Operation with the Continuation Schools 

Special notice of the location and time of meeting of night schools, in the Con- 
tinuation classes as well as the public night schools, has been sent to lists of foreign 
bom men and women of the various nationalities. 

(g) — Co-Operation with the University of Wisconsin 

A request from this committee made to the University of Wisconsin for extension 
courses for teachers of Americanization, such courses to be conducted in Milwaukee, 
was passed upon favorably by the University of Wisconsin. Such a course will be 
given. 

(h) — Co-Operation with the Naturalization Bureau 

The committee held three conferences with the Messrs. Wagener and Weber, 
representing the Naturalization Bureau at Chicago, who came to Milwaukee for 
that purpose, and the committee endeavored to carry out their suggestions. 

(i) — Co-Operation with Public Library 

The public librarian provided rooms for the classes for training Americanization 
teachers. 

(/) — Co-Operation with the Association of Commerce 

A representative of the Americanization Committee appeared before the Educa- 
tional Committee of the Association of Commerce and presented the plan for teach- 
ing English in factories, which plan was favorably passed upon. 



44 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



(k) — Reception to New Citizens 

A reception to welcome the five hundred ninety men and their families of foreign 
birth who have become naturalized in Milwaukee during the year ending July 1, 
1918, was held on July 2. The expense of this reception was arranged for by the 
Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution and the Loyalty Legion. 

(/) — Citizenship 

Citizenship badges were distributed to voters at the November 5 election. 

(m) — Miscellaneous 

The committee has provided American flags for two companies of Italian boy 
scouts. 

5— EDUCATION 











EDUCATION COMMITTEE 








C. G. Pearse, Chairman 
Miss Ellen Sabin 
A. E. Kagel 
E. T. Griffin 


C. 


R. 


Rounds, 


Secretary 


W. H 
B. E. 
Rev. 
R. L. 


. Bennett 

Fawcett 
Jos. A. Murphy 

Cooley 



Eight Milwaukee educators, representing the entire range of scholastic effort 
in this county, comprised the committee, whose effort was to mobilize all educational 
institutions and agencies for war service. Its activities were carried on along the 
following lines: 

(a) — For Drafted Men 

1 — Motor truck school at State Fair Park. The committee helped in closing 
the contract between the United States Government and the Milwaukee Association 
of Commerce. This was called off by the armistice. Accommodations were planned 
for 1,500 men, involving a payroll of $360,000 a year for the men alone, not including 
salaries. 

2 — Training Units 

Negotiations were under way with the War Department, when the truce was 
signed, to have groups of drafted men trained here for machinists, plumbers, bench 
mechanics and radio men at the Boys' Technical High School. Leather workers 
were to have been trained at the Continuation School. Telephone operators were 
to have been trained at the Normal. 

(b) — For Registrants 

Instruction was given to classes as follows: 
1 — Continuation School: 

Gas Engine Repairing....' 313 pupils 

Motor Truck Driving 305 pupils 

Army Cooking 18 pupils 

Baking 18 pupils 

Horseshoeing 13 pupils 

Shoemaking 12 pupils 

Total 679 pupils 

2 — Boys' Technical High School: 

Radio 450 pupils 

Telegraphy 67 pupils 

Total 517 pupils 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



45 



(c) — Farm Placement 

Appearing before the school board at several meetings, members of the committee 
obtained the help of the school board in releasing from their school work, boys of 
high school age to go on farms for the summer. Only those whose records warranted 
were released, school credits being granted on the satisfactory completion of the 
farm work. Miss Bessie Buckley, of the School organization, was in charge of the 
office details, 518 boys being placed on farms. 

{d) — Conferences 

Registrants to the number of sixty to seventy-five a week came in for conferences 
on training work with the educational secretary. Much helpful service was ren- 
dered. Negotiations were under way to have 500 men assigned from Great Lakes 
to Milwaukee for technical training when the government decided to enlarge the 
naval station, causing the plan to be abandoned. 



The Public Affairs Department supplied Lieutenant R. de Violini of the Italian 
Army, on his visit to Milwaukee in July, 1918, with a complete plan of the organiza- 
tion of the Defense Council to serve as a basis for the foundation of similar organiza- 
tions in his country. 

The "Soldier Pal" system, as carried on here, has been adapted to the needs of 
a number of other cities, including Evanston, Ind., Kenosha, Wis., and St. Paul, 
Minn. 



Chairmen of the Women's Ward and District 

Councils of the Milwaukee County 

Council of Defense 

Mrs. Charles L. Jones, Chairman First Ward 

Mrs. Wm. L. Hebard, Chairman Second Ward 

Mrs. Howard Eldred, Chairman Third Ward 

Mrs. I. Dolan, Chairman Fourth Ward 

Mrs. H. F. Zarse, Chairman Fifth Ward 

Mrs. Robert Church, Chairman Sixth Ward 

Mrs. P. Hackenbruch, Chairman Seventh Ward 

Mrs. W. P. Celichowski, Chairman Eighth Ward 

Mrs. W. G. Richardson, Chairman Ninth Ward 

Mrs. Ed. Callaway, Chairman Tenth Ward 

Miss Mable Comstock, Chairman Eleventh Ward" 

Mrs. H. H. Jacobs, Chairman Twelfth Ward 

Mrs. Wm. Schneider, Chairman Thirteenth Ward 

Mrs. F. S. Wasielewski, Chairman Fourteenth Ward 

Mrs. H. R. Anderton, Chairman Fifteenth Ward 

Mrs. G. H. WJnne, Chairman Sixteenth Ward 

Mrs. Percy Braman, Chairman Seventeenth Ward 

Mrs. James Hackett, Chairman Eighteenth Ward 

Mrs. Clara Halphide, Chairman Nineteenth Ward 

Mrs. Mary Fredericksen, Chairman Twentieth Ward 

Mrs. Paula Hillenkamp, Chairman Twenty-first Ward 

Mrs. T. J. McCarthy, Chairman Twenty-second Ward 

Mrs. J. M. Potter, Chairman Twenty-third Ward 

Mrs. H. A. Kroenig, Chairman Twenty-fourth Ward 

Mrs. O. Rolfe, Chairman Twenty-fifth Ward 

Mrs. F. E. Morrow, Chairman North Milwaukee 

Mrs. C. H. Peterson, Chairman Shorewood 

Miss Marion Remington, Chairman Whitefish Bay 

Mrs. Leverett C. Wheeler, Chairman Wauwatosa 

Mrs. Harry F. Smith, Chairman West Milwaukee 

Mrs. Abram LeFeber, Chairman West AUis 

Mrs. Frank Williamson, Chairman Cudahy 

Mrs. G. A. Morrison, Chairman South Milwaukee 

Mrs. Dreyfus, Chairman Hales Corners 

Mrs. E. R. Whitcomb, Chairman Town of Milwaukee 

Mrs. James Shaughnessy, Chairman Town of Granville 

Mrs. James Foley, Chairman Town of Wauwatosa 

Mrs. Myron Schmidt, Chairman Town of Franklin 

Mrs. F. J. Rucks, Chairman Town of Lake 

Miss Nellie Scanlon, Chairman Town of Oak Creek 



46 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 

Department of Public Affairs 

Report of the Women 's Ward and District 
Organizations 

Milwaukee County Council of Defense 

From July, 1917, to December, 1918 



Women*s Advisory Committee and Community Councils 

In accordance with the request of the State Council of Defense, a Woman's 
Advisory Committee, under the Milwaukee County Council of Defense, was ap- 
pointed to direct the women's activities in Milwaukee County. The committee 
was composed of representatives of women's organizations that have state-wide 
representation . 

Mrs. John W. Mariner, Chairman 

Miss Esther Berlowitz, Secretary 

Mrs. Mark L. Simpson, Red Cross 

Miss E. Conro, Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage 

Mrs. Jos. A. Schumacher, Catholic Women's Order 

Mrs. M. Dailey, Woman's Relief Corps 

Mrs. John Laflin, Order of Eastern Star 

Mrs. John P. Hume, Daughters of American Revolution 

Mrs. Geo. Lines, National League for Woman's Service 

Mrs. James S. Church, Y. W. C. A. 

Mrs. Carroll M. Towne, U. S. Daughters of 1812 

Mrs. George H. Noyes, Association of Collegiate Alumnae 

Mrs. H. J. Dernehl, Graduate Nurses Association 

Mrs. Josephine Traurig, Ladies of the G. A. R. 

Mrs. J. M. Potter, Federated Clubs 

Mrs. C. E. Anderton, Child Welfare Committee 

Miss Gertrude Sherman, Home Conservation Committee 

Mrs. Arthur N. McGeoch, Speakers Bureau 

Mrs. J. E. Birkhaeuser, Milwaukee County Suffrage Association 

This committee met every Tuesday and discussed and planned the work to be 
undertaken by the Women's Ward and District Organization. 

ORGANIZATION PLAN 

Milwaukee County had an organization of women mobilized for war service of 
which it may well be proud. In July, 1917, a call was sent out to a group of repre- 
sentative women of each ward and township of Milwaukee County, asking them to 
attend a meeting held in the Auditorium of the Public Museum for the purpose of 
organizing the women of Milwaukee for war service. The work grew steadily, 
until when the armistice was signed, in every ward there was a fine organization of 
women prepared for service and ready to meet any call the government might make 
upon them. In most of the wards the organization was perfected, which means that 
there was a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, two members at large, a chairman 
for every precinct and a captain for every block. In each ward organization there 
were chairmen of the following committees: The Red Cross, Relief, Child Welfare, 
Home Conservation, Liberty Loan and War Savings. They conducted the activi- 
ties assigned to these committees and took charge of the campaigns which came 
under their jurisdiction, utilizing the ward organization for all campaigns in house- 
to-house canvasses. There were 141 precinct chairmen and 2,000 block captains 
in the organization. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 47 



REPORT OF ACTIVITIES 

1— DISTRICT ORGANIZATIONS 

There was a woman's committee in each of the following districts of Milwaukee 
County: 

Shorewood, Whitefish Bay, North Milwaukee, South Milwaukee, West Milwau- 
kee, Town of Lake, City of Wauwatosa, Town of Wauwatosa, Town of Granville, 
West Allis, Town of Milwaukee, Cudahy, Town of Oak Creek, Town of Greenfield 
and the Town of Franklin. 

The first task the district councils were asked to undertake was one of the most 
difficult pieces of work they were called upon to do. This was a house-to-house 
canvass for the purpose of securing signatures on the cards issued by the Food 
Administration, popularly known as the Hoover Pledge Cards, and also the taking 
of a household census and obtaining information which the County Council of 
Defense needed. Over 97,000 Hoover Pledge Cards and over 110,000 household 
registration cards were signed. 

2— RESULTS OF WORK OF WOMEN'S WARD ORGANIZATION 
IN VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS 

Second Liberty Loan Campaign — October, 1917, $1,074,550. 

Red Cross Membership Drive — December, 1917, 1150 men and women 
working together, 15,427 memberships. 

Thrift Stamp Campaign — February, 1918, one thousand women workers, 
$61,922.25. 

Third Liberty Loan Campaign — ^April, 1918, 1200 women working, $756,800. 
Total for women in Milwaukee County, including work of committees under the 
National League for Woman's Service, $3,086,600. 

Second Red Cross War Fund Campaign — May, 1918, 1500 women working, 
$63,925.91 from 15,322 subscribers. 

War Savings Campaign — June, 1918, 1700 women working, $1,270,945. 

Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign — October, 1918, 2157 women working, 
$1,084,850. Total of women's work in Milwaukee, including committees under 
the National League for Woman's Service, $2,713,300. 

The Woman's Ward Organizations distributed ten thousand garden pamphlets 
to encourage back-yard gardens. 15,000 War Savings Stamp pamphlets, 45,000 
Red Cross Salvage Cards and several thousand Labor Employment Bureau in- 
formation leaflets. 

3— RED CROSS COMMITTEE 

Red Cross work, under the direction of Mrs. Mark L. Simpson, was carried on 
in every ward. Fourteen wards maintained centers established by the ward organi- 
zations. In the other wards the women in this organization did their Red Cross 
work at various church and school centers. The totals for the work of the fourteen 
wards reporting were as follows: 

9,193 surgical dressings. 
4,682 hospital garments. 
1,412 bandages. 
280 napkins. 
380 knitted garments. 
755 comfort kits. 
266 button bags. 
52 bolts of cloth made up into towels. 
47 sheets and 3 bolts made up into sheets. 
80 laundry bags. 
4,868 other finished garments. 



48 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



4— RELIEF COMMITTEE 

Mrs. Jos. A. Schumacher was chairman of the relief work. The Relief Committee 
was composed of twenty-five ward and five township chairmen. Each chairman 
had from six to thirty members working under her direction, making a total of 
350 women doing relief work. Meetings of this committee were held weekly. 
They visited 361 reported cases of need and where necessary reported these cases 
to the various social agencies for investigation and relief. They assisted in report- 
ing to the Industrial Commission, cases of crippled men and women that came to 
their notice. They reported likewise cases of crippled children to the Welfare 
Department and imbecile and neglected children to the Juvenile Protective As- 
sociation. 

This Relief Committee responded to a call from the Milwaukee Chapter of the 
American Red Cross to collect clothing for the Belgian sufferers. The quota for 
Milwaukee Chapter was nine tons and the women of the Relief Committee col- 
lected, sorted and packed eighteen tons. This was in March, 1918. A second 
appeal was made to the ward organization in October, 1918, that the women should 
collect twenty-five tons of clothing for the same purpose. In the end, forty-five 
tons (over 79,000 articles) were collected, sorted and packed by the women of the 
Relief Committee. This committee made over a thousand garments at the Home 
Relief headquarters or at their ward headquarters. Twenty-two sewing units 
were established. They also collected great quantities of clothing which were 
distributed to the poor of the city through various agencies. 

5— CHILD WELFARE COMMITTEE 

In accordance with the plans of the Children's Year, the Child Welfare Com- 
mittee in each ward established a station for the weighing and measuring of children. 
Thus far, 20,058 children have been weighed and measured. For those who did 
not come to the stations in their ward, the Health Department has five Child 
Welfare clinics where mothers may go and we hope by this means to complete the 
weighing and measuring records for Milwaukee. The follow-up work started when 
the weighing and measuring ceased, and is being conducted by volunteer workers 
who visit the homes and instruct the mothers. Some 895 cases have been reported 
on up to date by forty-seven active workers. A wide canvass is planned to reach 
every child up to six years of age and obtain a report on its condition. The cases 
will be kept on file and from this survey a mailing list compiled so that subsequent 
educational literature can be sent to the mothers. This campaign has been carried 
on at very little expense, the entire amount having been raised by popular sub- 
scription. 

6— SPEAKERS BUREAU 

The Speakers Bureau, Mrs. Arthur N. McGeoch, chairman, reports that thirty 
women speakers had covered the following subjects: Liberty Loan, Thrift and 
War Savings, Conservation, Red Cross, Women's work in war. Patriotism, Child 
Welfare and War Camp Community Service. Ninety-nine women's clubs, ninety- 
six schools, forty-five factories, six ward meetings and thirteen girls' divisions of 
the War Camp Community Service have been visited. 

7— WOMEN IN INDUSTRY COMMITTEE 

The women in Industry Committee, Mrs. George Lines, chairman, through the 
clerical force of the National League for Woman's Service, furnished volunteer help 
to the District Draft Board, the Local Draft Boards, the Council of Defense, and 
many other organizations in Milwaukee. A total of 568 women gave 46,600 hours 
to this work. At the request of the Police Department, this committee took charge 
of the registration of alien women and registered over 11,000. They also gave 
valuable assistance to the Legal Advisory Board in its work on questionnaires. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME S ERVICE 49 

8— STUDENT NURSE RESERVE CAMPAIGN 

In August, 1918, the Women's Ward and District Organizations conducted a 
campaign for the registering of student nurses for the Surgeon General's Office. 
Recruiting stations were opened in every ward of the city and in every township 
of the county, and 265 women were enrolled for this service. The sub-committee 
on nursing has been making a survey of nursing resources in Milwaukee County. 
This is not yet completed. This committee is also working on a proposition for a 
central bureau for nurses in the city. 

9— MISCELLANEOUS 

A large flag, 40 x 20 feet, was made by the Women's Ward and District Organi- 
zation and presented to the Flag Display Commission of Milwaukee. The Woman's 
Committee is now planning to present a large service flag to the City of Milwaukee 
in honor of the men who have gone into service from Milwaukee. 

At the request of the Housing Committee, a survey was completed for the pur- 
pose of obtaining information about the possibilities for housing in the city and a 
classification of the types of buildings in various localities. 

10— SUMMARY 

It will thus be seen that the Women's Ward and District Organization of the 
Milwaukee County Council of Defense carried on two lines of activities, one which 
included work among its own members in each ward and district, such as Red Cross, 
Relief and Child Welfare work, and that it also, at the request of other departments 
of the Council of Defense, and the Liberty Loan, War Savings, Red Cross and other 
committees, furnished the machinery by which the enormous work of carrying on 
campaigns was assisted. 

This organization fostered the community spirit in every ward and was a means 
of transmitting information to and obtaining it from people of Milwaukee that 
proved of great value. The people are accustomed to having the block captains 
come to their homes and are willing to give them information which might be de- 
nied to other investigators. This organization has been built up by long and con- 
tinued effort, and has now reached a place where it is of real value to the community. 
This committee can be made a real power for good in the community and a vehicle 
by which any wide-spread plan for civic improvement in the future may be carried 
through, and it would seem a serious mistake to lose this valuable force or to allow 
this committee to disintegrate. 



50 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Program for Future 

Including Functions of the Council of Defense 

Which Should be Considered as to their Continuance 
on a Permanent Basis 

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 

/ — That the County Council of Defense be demobilized and discontinued, as 
originally planned, as soon as it is determined what organizations and agencies are 
to carry on its work and as soon as the authority of state and federal officials for 
such action is obtained. 

2 — That a conference of the various interests of Milwaukee, including the mayor, 
Common Council and County Board, be held, to determine future plans for co- 
operation between the local government and citizens, and what features of the war 
organization are valuable in times of peace. 

3 — That this conference consider thoroughly the creation of a Community 
Board to supervise such activities as shall be carried on — this board to include, 
besides city and county officers, representatives of the most important interests in 
the community, such as commerce, manufactures, labor, etc. 

4 — That the Information Service of the Council of Defense and registration of 
associations and agencies, be kept intact. 

S — That the Committee on Public Welfare and the Department of Public 
Welfare be continued so as to carry out valuable work now in process. 

6 — That the Women's Advisory Council with its co-operating agencies, district 
councils and sub-committees be continued. 

7 — That other portions of the organization be disbanded and the records, plans, 
and other material on file be held and turned over to those existing agencies or new 
agencies which may be formed to carry on specific parts of the program. 

8 — That the Military Affairs Committee, its small staff and records be retained 
over the demobilization period in order to provide continuous information service, 
advice and welcome for returning service men. 

DISCUSSION OF UNCOMPLETED WORK 

The Milwaukee County Council of Defense has been, throughout the war, a 
clearing house for the various agencies and activities of this county. It has been 
primarily a stimulating center at which the representatives of the various organiza- 
tions, associations and interests met and from which suggestions were sent out to 
these organizations and associations. Many of the most vital activities were car- 
ried on by other bodies. Many of the movements were suggested by these bodies, 
approved by the Defense Council and backed by it as a measure necessary during 
the war. 

The Council of Defense was an emergency body. Its task has been fulfilled, 
save for the clearing up of its records and providing for the carrying on of those 
tasks which can not be dropped or placed in the hands of other organizations. The 
advisability, however, of the retention of some sort of advisory body, linking to- 
gether government and the organized interests of the district, should be seriously 
considered. Sufficient funds for secretarial assistance for an advisory body of this 
sort, would be necessary and would make it possible to keep together valuable files 
of information as to the various agencies and organized bodies throughout Mil- 
waukee County which are available to do various types of work. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 51 



k 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE 

The Department of Public Welfare and the Public Welfare Committee of the 
Council of Defense should be retained for the present at least, pending further 
developments along this line. The function of this committee is that of bringing 
together the various elements working for the welfare of the people of Milwaukee, 
including the handling of food and fuel problems, housing, family budgets, and simil- 
ar work. There is at present no organization which can undertake successfully this 
program, depending as it does upon the co-operation of a large number of depart- 
ments, agencies, and individuals. 

(a) — Children's Year Campaign 

Under orders of the national government, an effort is being made throughout 
the nation to cut down mortality among infants. A great national economy can 
thus be effected and an immense amount of distress and suffering eliminated, merely 
through education and better knowledge of the care of children. The success of 
this campaign depends directly on the co-operation of a large number of private 
citizens with the Health Department. 

(6) — Emergency Fuel Stations 

Twenty-six stations have been established. The coal is purchased, the accounts 
set up, and everything is arranged to take care of fuel shortages during the coming 
winter. It is inadvisable to shift this matter at this time since the Fuel Administra- 
tion has already as much as it can handle. 

(c) — Marketing 

The sale of fish, vegetables and surplus food products should be continued as at 
present by the city sealer of weights and measures, under the authority and with 
the co-operation of the Food Board and Food Bureau of the Council of Defense. 
This work must be handled by some organization which has authority to buy and 
sell foodstuffs until it is definitely determined whether or not a permanent marketing 
bureau is to be established. 

(</) — Budget and Household Efficiency Campaign 

The present movement in favor of the establishment of family budgets should be 
carried on under the special committee which has been appointed for this purpose. 
Much valuable information has been gathered and it would be a distinct loss to the 
community if this should not be made use of, both from the standpoint of determin- 
ing a fair living wage and from the standpoint of getting more from the available 
wage. 

(e) — Industrial Housing Committee 

The work of the Industrial Housing Committee has been directed by the United 
States Government. This survey is being made at the present time and the results 
from it must be maintained. This means that a central rental bureau and clearing 
house for available locations should be undertaken. Nearly 1,000 requests have 
been handled by the experimental rental bureau established within the last two 
months. 

(/) — Food Conservation 

Food conservation must continue for some time to come, since there will be, 
during the next year at least, a more severe drain on the supply of food for the 
world than has previously occurred. This is indicated by the announcement of 
Herbert C. Hoover, national food administrator. 



51 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



DISTRICT AND WAR COUNCILS 

A valuable organization of men's and women's district and ward councils of 
defense, numbering in all about 6,000 workers, has been built up through the city 
and county. These should be maintained for some time to come as effective in- 
struments for the carrying out of civic movements. There are to be two more 
Liberty Loan drives which we will have to meet; War Savings Stamp movements 
must be kept up; food conservation must be pushed even more than before, and 
the Relief and Housing activities must also continue. The Women's Advisory 
Council, with the splendid co-operation among the women of Milwaukee County 
which has been secured up to date, should be kept intact and maintained as a spe- 
cial function. 

RETURNING SOLDIERS 

We must expect our returning service men to come back by two's, three's and 
singly. This makes it impossible for a large official reception committee to effec- 
tively handle this task. The Military Affairs Committee, which handled the mobili- 
zation of the units and sent them off to the camps, together with its secretary, 
should be retained in order to furnish the necessary information service, legal advice 
and other emergency help which will be needed by these returning service men. 
This body has co-operated closely with the United States Employment Service. 
As complete a registry of service men as it has been possible to secure has been 
kept in the Defense Council Offices and the co-operation of all the welfare agencies 
secured so that the machinery for handling those cases is available. 

The activities of the proposed committee of public officials, members of the 
Common Council and County Board must, of course, be confined largely to handling 
the big groups of returning service men and to general entertainments and celebra- 
tions. A special effort ought to be made to induce the War Department to return 
Milwaukee and Wisconsin's portion of the famous Thirty-second Division as a 
unit. It is possible that similar arrangements can be made in the care of the 341st 
Infantry. This task must be carried on by the city officials. 

OTHER DEPARTMENTS AND ACTIVITIES 

1 — Department of Manufactures — The Department of Manufactures, to- 
gether with its valuable data concerning the industrial resources of the district, 
should be continued by some organization, and given the necessary support which 
its services merit. Its scope should be extended to cover sales information, labor 
and industrial problems arising. 

2 — Department of Commerce and Finance — The bulk of this work has been 
performed during the war by the Chamber of Commerce and the Association of 
Commerce and should be continued by those organizations. There should, how- 
ever, be some non-partisan body to which the commercial economy moves may be 
referred, so that the suspicion of selfish motives which arise when a commerce body 
advocates a movement may be allayed. 

3 — Labor Advisory Committee — The work of the Labor Advisory Committee 
and the program laid out for it should be carefully considered before this plan of a 
joint body of employers and labor representatives to consider plans of general 
welfare to both elements is entirely dropped. 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 53 

Summary of Report on Finances of the 
Milwaukee County Council of Defense 

An analysis of the auditor's report on the finances of the Milwaukee County 
Council of Defense show that the total net receipts available for the operation of 
the organization were $73,763.98. 

The appended statement of receipts and disbursements show that the total 
amount of money received by the Council of Defense was $125,924.07, and the total 
disbursements $120,732.00. These totals, however, might prove misleading, since 
they include over $40,000 received and paid out in connection with the Council's 
merchandising activities, such as the sales of coal, fish and vegetables. This sum 
does not represent profit, but merely turnover necessary in carrying out such mer- 
chandising activities. The actual net receipts from merchandising activities which 
were made available for the use of the Council amounted to $2,560.91. 

Further, a large portion of the Milwaukee Industrial Bureau fund, amounting 
to over $12,000, was turned over to the War Industries Board and handled as a 
separate fund. This $12,000 fund, although listed in the receipts of the Defense 
Council, was not available for general use in the operation of the organization. 

The following table shows the net receipts which were actually available for the 
activities which the Defense Council was called upon to perform. 



Available Net Receipts for Carrying on the Council 
of Defense 

(Excluding War Industries and Washington Bureau Funds) 

Appropriations $51,733.34 

Donations 5,378.42 

Military Extension 10,861.33 

Public Information 997.20 

Children's Year 1,602.80 

Merchandising Profit (Fish, Fruit, Vegetables) 2,560.91 

Special Receipts 629.98 



$73,763.98 



Certain expenses which did not go through the voucher system of the Council 
of Defense were met by the various businesses, associations and agencies of the 
city and county. As no record of the cost of these activities paid for by outside 
agencies has been kept, they have not been included in the list. It must be noted 
in addition that the total payrolls for the better part of two years amounted to but 
$33,072.04. The largest paid staff at any one time was fifty-seven. 

EMERGENCY WORK INCREASES COSTS 

The work handled was to a great extent of an emergency character. This necessi- 
tated large numbers of emergency employees and accounts largely for the changes 
in clerical staff shown in the tabular statement of salaries. 

All office, clerical, and miscellaneous expense has been absorbed into the De- 
partment of Administration which includes also the Labor Bureau, Public Informa- 



54 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



tion, Co-operation with War Finance and War Fund Committees and similar 
activities. 

It is very interesting to note that a small profit of $2,560.91 resulted from the 
merchandising services of the food and fuel bureaus. This after paying all expenses, 
and a small fee to the city employees who gave extra time to the work. 

RECAPITULATION OF EXPENSES 
By Departments 



Department 



Salaries 



Othc 



Total 



Administration — Executive, Labor, 

Public Information 

Central Steno. Office 

Commerce 

Public Welfare 

Manufactures 

Public Affairs 



$9,311.46 
7,401.10 
711.28 
5,781.39 
4,141.43 
5,725.38 

$33,072.04 



$1,969.72 
15,110.29 
232.38 
42,479.78 
12,851.23 
15,016.56 

$87,659.96 



$11,281.18 
22,511.39 
943.66 
48,261.17 
16,992.66 
20,741.94 

$120,732.00 



TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 55 



Milwaukee County Council of Defense 

Summary of Receipts and Disbursements 

May 1, 1917 to November 1, 1918 



RECEIPTS 



Appropriations from Tax Funds (Sched. A) $51,733.34 

Merchandising and Fuel Conservation (Sched. B) 40,673.33 

Food Conservation (Sched. C) 1,704.75 

War Gardens (Sched. D) 163.00 

Social Service (Sched. E) 136.00 

Child Welfare (Sched. F) 1,602.80 

Military Affairs and Patriotic Celebrations (Sched. G) 10,861.33 

Women's Councils (Sched. H) 125.70 

Milwaukee Industrial Bureau (Sched. I) 12,548.20 

Public Information (Sched. J) 997.20 

Donations and Miscellaneous (Sched. K) 5,378.42 

Total Receipts from All Sources $125,924.07 

DISBURSEMENTS 
Public Welfare 

Merchandising and Fuel Conservation (Sched. 1) $38,112.42 

Food Conservation (Sched. 2) 1,499.47 

War Gardens (Sched. 3) 1,240.70 

Social Service (Sched. 4) 823.63 

Child Welfare (Sched. 5) 803.56 



$42,479.78 

Public Affairs 

Military Affairs (Sched. 6) $ 5,341.76 

Patriotic Celebrations (Sched. 7) 8,331.28 

Americanization (Sched. 8) 79.13 

Men's Councils (Sched. 9) 690.62 

Women's Councils (Sched. 10) 400.00 

Education (Sched. 11) 167.37 

Boys-to-the-Farm Movement (Sched. 12) 6.40 



$15,016.56 

Manufactures 

Government Contracts (Sched. 13) 73.80 

Conversion and Adjustment (Sched. 14) 38.75 

Washington Bureau (Sched. 15) 5,227.42 

Washington Bureau, Reg 

Office, Milwaukee (Sched. 16) 

190.48 
7,320.78 7,511.26 

$12,851.23 



56 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 



Commerce and Finance 

Return Loads Bureau (Sched. 17) $ 11.63 

Building Restrictions (Sched. 18) 17.95 

Commercial Economy (Sched. 19) 202.80 

$ 232.38 

Administration 

Labor and Employment (Sched. 20) $ 198.62 

Public Information (Sched. 21) 1,771.10 

General Office (Sched. 23) 15,110.29 

$17,080.01 

Pay Rolls 

Total Pay Rolls, all Purposes (Sched. 23) $33,072.04 

Total Disbursements, all Purposes *$120,732.00 

Bank Balance, as per books, Oct. 31, 1918 (Sched. 24).. $ 5,192.07 

*$50.00 in these disbursements were drawn out of bank for Petty Cash Fund. 



Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 14, 1918. 
Milwaukee County Council of Defense, 
City Hall, Milwaukee, Wis. 

Gentlemen : — This is to certify that we have examined the books and records of 
the Milwaukee County Council of Defense for the period beginning May 1, 1917, 
and ending October 31, 1918. 

Attached is detailed statement of receipts and disbursements, showing total 
receipts from all sources of $125,924.07, and total disbursements for all purposes 
amounting to $120,682.00, leaving a balance on hand of $5,242.07, consisting of 
$5,192.07 in the National Exchange Bank, and $50 in petty cash fund. Bank 
reconciliation statement and pay roll analysis attached. 

All receipts were deposited in the bank, and all disbursements made by check 
with the exception of one item of $125, which was deducted from donations col- 
lected at a dinner given at the Milwaukee Auditorium on September 18, 1917, 
between the hours of 6:30 P. M. and 7:30 P. M. to pay for the rental of hall, and 
erection, use and removal of band stand, and the proceeds only turned over to the 
Milwaukee County Council of Defense. 

All disbursements were made on properly executed vouchers and were audited 
by the City Comptroller before being paid. 

At the bottom of Schedule No. 22 is shown an item of $9.10 being entry made on 
the books for adjustment of cash on January 31, 1918. 

Vouchers are on file for all disbursements and are entered in proper records. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) W. E. SCHNEIDER 
(Signed) E. R. DOYLE 

Auditors 



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